The guidelines apply to sewing and knitted linen products; sewing and knitwear of dresses, blouses and coats and suits assortment; hosiery; hats; shawl-scarf; leather and fur, as well as materials for their production (natural, processed during the production process; chemical fibers and threads; films).

State sanitary and epidemiological regulation
Russian Federation

In products of the third layer (except for products for newborns and children under 1 year), materials for their manufacture, fabrics for strollers, formaldehyde and other organic substances are determined in air extracts.

In products of the third layer for newborns and children under 1 year old, organic substances are determined in water extracts (in the ratio of (1.0 ± 0.1) g per 50 ml of water) and air extracts (chamber saturation 1 m 2 / m 3).

Sanitary and chemical indicators determined according to regulatory and methodological documentation

	Regulatory and methodological documents
Acetaldehyde	MUK 4.1.599-96, MUK 4.1.650-96, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01
Acrylonitrile	MUK 2.3.3052-96, MUK 4.1.658-96, MP 123-11/284-7, MUK 4.1.1044 a-01, RD 59.04-186, MUK 4.1.580-96
	MUK 4.1.650-96, MUK 4.1.649-96, MUK 4.1.739-99, MUK 4.1.598-96
Vinyl acetate	GOST 22648-77, MP 2915-82, MP 1870-78, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01
Hexamethylenediamine	MP 1503-76, Instruction No. 880-71, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01
Dimethyl terephthalate	Instruction No. 880-71, MUK 4.1.738-99, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01, MUK 4.1.745-99
Caprolactam	MP 1328-75, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01, NDP 30.2:3.2-95, IN 4259-87, MU 3133-84
	MUK 4.1.650-96, MUK 4.1.651-96, MUK 4.1.649-96, MUK 4.1.598-96
Formaldehyde	PNDF 14.1:2:4:187-02, RD 52.24.492 -95, MUK 4.1.078-96, MUK 4.1.1045-01, MP 3315-82; PNDF 14.1:2.97-97
Dibutyl phthalate	MUK 4.1.738-99, MUK 4.1.611-96, GOST 26150-84
Dioctyl phthalate
Carbon disulfide	MUK 4.1.740-99, PNDF 14.1:2.1.62-00
Ethylene glycol	Instruction No. 880 71, MUK 4.1.1044-1053-01
	MU 1856-78, GOST 30178-96, PNDF 14.1:2:4.140-98
	GOST 4388-72, GOST 30178-96, MUK 4.1.742-99, MU 1856-78, PNDF 14.1:2.22-95
	GOST 4152-89, GOST 30178-96, PNDF 14.1:2:4.140-98
	GOST 30178-96, PNDF 14.1:2:4.140-98
	GOST 30178-96, NDP 20.1:2:3.21-95
	GOST 18293-72, GOST 30178-96, MUK 4.1.742-99, PNDF 14.1:2:4.140-98, PNDF 14.1:2.22-95
	GOST 30178-96, PNDF 14.1:2:4.140-98

When analyzing extracts, it is allowed to use other methods and measuring instruments that are not inferior to those specified in the sensitivity and accuracy of the analysis (not lower than half the MPC or DCM norm).

3.7. Hygienic assessment of diapers and pads

3.7.1 . Sanitary-chemical studies of diapers and pads are carried out in an aqueous extract without destruction at a saturation of 1 cm 2 / cm 3 at a temperature of (40 ± 2) °C for 3 hours or at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C for 24 hours and determine organic matter (Table ) and toxicity index (p. ). From products containing gel-forming moisture-absorbing materials, the moisture-absorbing layer is removed.

(Changed edition. Change No. 1)

3.7.2. Hygienic assessment of diapers should include mandatory clinical trials on groups of apparently healthy children. Groups of at least 10 must include newborns, children from 1 to 3 months and children from 3 to 6 months.

3.7.3 . In clinical trials, the condition of the skin of the abdominal, inguinal, genital, buttock and dorsal areas is assessed on a five-point scale.

Scale for describing the severity of erythema:

● 0 - no signs of erythema;

● 1 - mild erythema over a small area(s);

● 2 - extensive area(s) of slight erythema; very small area (small few) areas of severe erythema without edema;

● 3 - extensive area(s) of severe erythema without edema; (few) very small areas of erythema with edema;

● 4 - extensive area(s) of severe erythema with swelling. If signs of erythema of appropriate severity levels of 2 points or more appear in at least one child in the group, the results of clinical trials should be considered negative.

The result of a hygienic assessment should be considered negative if one of the monitored indicators does not comply with regulatory requirements.

. Bibliographic data

1 . Federal Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population” dated March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ.

2 . Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and Regulations on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Standardization, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 24, 2000 No. 554.

3 . Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia dated August 15, 2001 No. 325 “On sanitary and epidemiological examination of products”, registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia on October 19, 2001 No. 2978.

4 . GOST 12088-77. Textile materials and products made from them. Method for determining air permeability.

5 . GOST 3816-81 (ISO 811-81). Textile fabrics. Methods for determining hygroscopic and water-repellent properties.

6 . GOST 10681-75. Textile materials. Climatic conditions for conditioning and testing samples and methods for their determination.

7 . GOST 8844-75 . Knitted fabrics. Acceptance rules and sampling method.

In the system of preventive measures aimed at ensuring safe working conditions and reducing occupational poisoning and diseases, personal protective equipment (PPE) for workers in production plays an important role. Their use becomes necessary in cases where difficulties arise in ensuring the safety of technological processes and production equipment with existing technical means and the conditions of contact of workers with factors harmful to health.

During everyday work, personal protective equipment is most often used as one of the links in the overall complex of preventive measures, while during emergency, repair and other occasional work, they become one of the main measures to ensure the safe performance of work.

The need to use PPE is regulated by the fundamental standards of the State Standardization System (GSS) and the Occupational Safety Standards System (OSSS). According to these regulatory documents, all newly developed and revised standards for production processes and equipment, materials and substances must include specific requirements for protective equipment for workers. In addition, the SSBT system identifies an independent classification group of standards for protective equipment for workers. In our country, specialized organizations and enterprises are engaged in the development, production, evaluation and supply of PPE. As a result of the existing system of control over the development and production of PPE by state and trade union bodies, most modern domestic PPE is characterized by high protective and performance properties, providing reliable protection from all kinds of dangerous and harmful production factors. The use of homemade PPE designs that have not passed certain stages of development, examination and implementation is strictly prohibited.

The effectiveness of using PPE is determined by the following basic requirements: the correct choice of a specific brand of PPE, maintaining PPE in good condition, training of personnel in the rules for using PPE in accordance with the operating instructions during the entire period of their use.

The purpose of using PPE is to reduce to acceptable values ​​or completely prevent the possible impact of harmful production factors on the body. Unlike collective protective equipment, PPE is directly on the person, therefore they are subject to requirements for minimal negative impact on the functional state and performance of the person. Depending on the purpose, personal protective equipment for workers is divided into the following classes: insulating suits; respiratory protection equipment; special clothing; special shoes; hand protection; head protection; face protection; eye protection; hearing protection; safety devices; protective dermatological products.

The main purpose of workwear is to provide reliable protection of the human body from various production factors while maintaining normal functional state and performance. In recent years, requirements for the aesthetic performance of workwear have increased.

All types of protective clothing are divided into groups and subgroups according to their protective properties. For example, there is special clothing for protection from thermal radiation, sparks and splashes of molten metal and scale; from oil, mechanical damage (abrasion) and low temperatures, etc. The protective, operational and hygienic properties of workwear primarily depend on the materials from which it is made, therefore special requirements are placed on the quality of fabrics. To achieve the required properties when sewing workwear, cotton, linen, wool, silk and synthetic fabrics are used, as well as fabrics with film coatings and made from a mixture of natural and synthetic fibers. To give fabrics certain protective properties, they are impregnated with various compounds (waterproof, water-repellent, heat-resistant, fire-resistant, oil-oil-resistant, acid-resistant, acid-repellent or light-resistant combined impregnations). Film-coated materials are generally intended to protect against hazardous and harmful liquid substances. Recently, widespread use of materials with a metallized coating has begun, which are intended for protection against infrared radiation. Semi-linen, asbestos, synthetic fabrics, as well as fiberglass fabrics are used as the basis for applying the metallized layer. Ensuring the protective properties of workwear depends not only on the properties of the materials used, but also on its design. Therefore, when creating workwear, they are guided by certain requirements that take into account the entire complex of indicators of its quality and purpose. These indicators are divided into common for all groups and subgroups of workwear and specialized ones, characterizing the protective properties of a specific group or subgroup in accordance with its purpose. General indicators of the quality of workwear mainly characterize its operational, hygienic and aesthetic properties. These include the strength and rigidity of the seam, wear time and time of continuous use; compliance of fabrics, materials and design with working conditions; resistance to washing, artistic and aesthetic indicators, etc.

One of the main general requirements for workwear, regardless of its protective properties, is to ensure the normal thermal state of a person. Clothing creates a certain microclimate around the body, depending, on the one hand, on human heat generation, and on the other, on the meteorological parameters of the external environment and the properties of clothing (its design, physical and chemical properties of materials, etc.). Indicators of the microclimate of the under-clothes space are its humidity and air temperature, as well as the carbon dioxide content in it. In conditions of thermal comfort, the relative humidity under clothing is 35 - 60%. This indicator can be used to judge the ability of clothing to transfer moisture from the surface of the body to the environment. Increased air humidity in the under-clothes space has an unfavorable effect both in conditions of high and low temperatures. Increased humidity in the underwear space when working in conditions of high dust or gas pollution contributes to skin irritation and increases the rate of penetration of harmful substances through the skin. The air temperature of the under-clothes space is a function of a person’s physical activity, therefore the optimal values ​​of this indicator vary depending on the intensity of work. Thus, for a person in a state of relative rest, a comfortable temperature in the body area is 30 - 32 °C, and during heavy physical work - 15 °C. In this regard, when assessing the hygienic properties of clothing based on the air temperature of the space underneath, it is necessary to take into account the physical activity of a person and environmental conditions. For example, when working in a cooling environment, a large decrease in air temperature directly under outer clothing indicates its insufficient thermal resistance, and when working in conditions exposed to wind, it indicates high air permeability.

Specialized quality indicators characterize the protective properties of workwear. These include the following: the tensile strength of the product and its parts (for workwear from mechanical stress and general industrial pollution); thermal conductivity, air permeability and vapor permeability (for workwear against high and low temperatures); protection factor and ability to decontaminate (for protective clothing against radioactive substances); lead equivalent (for X-ray protective clothing); electrical resistance and protection factor (for workwear against electrostatic charges, electromagnetic and electric fields); dust resistance and resistance to dust removal (for dust-proof clothing); acid-proof (for workwear against acids), alkali-proof (for workwear against alkalis), etc. Ensuring the specified requirements is achieved by using workwear in the model, in addition to appropriate materials, using various structural elements. Thus, when designing workwear for use in conditions of changing environmental parameters, the use of multi-layer insulation, fastened to the main fabric, insulated underwear, insulating pads and various ventilation devices is provided. This allows you to adjust the thermal resistance of clothing by changing the thickness of the insulation depending on the ambient temperature. Protection from the wind is provided by special valves along the fastening line of the jacket and trousers, a hood, headphones, and structural elements that protect the face. Overalls for protection against harmful liquid factors must have a minimum number of seams, as well as protective valves along the lines of fasteners and pockets; its cut should not prevent the flow of liquids. Structural elements that provide protection from dust-like harmful factors and microorganisms include all kinds of additional cuffs, valves, belts, capes, etc. In workwear, to protect against local exposure to oil, acids, alkalis, and petroleum products, linings from the appropriate materials resistant to these substances. One of the ways to improve a person’s heat exchange, and therefore his well-being, is to introduce special elements into the design to ensure air ventilation in the space under clothing. These include various yokes in the back and front areas, holes of various shapes at the bottom of the sleeve armholes, at the top or along the entire length of the crotch seams, etc.

Clothing protects the human body from unfavorable environmental conditions and, above all, ensures optimal thermal condition. Hygienic requirements for clothing are developed taking into account climatic (or microclimatic) conditions and the nature of human activity.

The hygienic characteristics of clothing as a whole depend largely on the quality of the materials used in its manufacture. When carrying out a hygienic examination of fabrics intended for the manufacture of children's clothing, the nature of the fibers and the structure of the fabric are determined (a description of the structure of the fabric is given - knitted, woven, etc.), the weight of the fabric, volumetric weight and thickness, air permeability, vapor permeability, hygroscopicity, maximum and minimal water retention, wettability, capillarity. All clothing research is carried out on both unwashed and washed materials.

When carrying out experimental wear of clothing, its physicochemical and chemical properties are repeatedly examined (2-4 times), and indicators characterizing the thermal state of children and their heat sensation are systematically recorded.

When evaluating fabrics and clothing using polymeric materials, laboratory studies are carried out using special methods to establish that clothing is not a source of release of harmful chemical compounds that are potentially hazardous to health, and its properties such as sorption, electrostatic, etc. do not reduce the optimal condition body. In particular, the electrostatic field strength on the surface of products should not exceed 0.3 kV/cm2.

Particularly important in the hygienic assessment of clothing are physiological and hygienic studies conducted in natural conditions and aimed at studying the functional indicators of the child’s body. In such conditions, the heat-protective properties of clothing are studied.

Currently, control over the release of new samples of children's clothing is based on the following regulatory documents: “Hygienic requirements for children’s clothing” (guidelines), M., 1981 and “Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of clothing and footwear made of polymeric materials” No. 1353 -76, M., 1977. The study is carried out according to the following scheme:

1. Basic hygienic requirements for children's clothing.

2. Features of sanitary supervision over the production of children's clothing using chemical materials.

3. Determination of the thermal resistance of clothing.

Assessment of laboratory research data on physical and mechanical parameters characterizing fabrics and fabric “packages” Assessment of the heat-protective properties of children's clothing. When assessing the heat-protective properties of clothing, you can use observation of some general reactions of the body. This is the determination of the amount of energy expenditure, the amount of sweat produced, counting the pulse rate, breathing, etc. When considering the heat-protective properties of clothing, a subjective assessment of these properties is also important - a verbal report of well-being. However, the most complete picture of the thermal insulation properties of clothing is provided by studying the body’s energy consumption, changing the value of skin temperatures and studying the heat flux density.

It should be emphasized that the study of a child’s thermal state is necessary when solving a number of hygienic problems: standardizing the microclimatic parameters of various rooms, studying working conditions, medical control over physical education and hardening, and hygienic standardization of the heat-protective properties of clothing.

The amount of heat lost by radiation and convection per unit time is proposed to be called heat flow.

The heat flux per unit surface area is called the heat flux density.

The thermal protective ability of clothing should be called its ability to reduce the density of heat flux. Heat flow reacts very clearly to changes in the environment and the heat-protective properties of clothing. Knowing the amount of heat transfer, as well as the weighted average temperature of the skin and meteorological environmental factors, it is possible to calculate the resistance that this clothing provides to heat transfer from the body under certain conditions, i.e., a quantitative assessment of the thermal properties of clothing is possible.

It is known that the cooling rate of a heated body is proportional to the temperature difference between the body and the environment and the size of the body surface. When determining the heat-protective properties of clothing, the formula is used for calculation (A. Barton, G. M. Kondratyev):

I 0 =-------------------Iв

where I 0 is the thermal resistance of clothing; Iв - thermal air resistance of the under-clothes space; T - weighted average body surface temperature; t B -

Ambient temperature; H - weighted average value of heat flux density in kcal/m 2 -hour

The conversion factor to SI units (W/m2) is 0.86.

Thermal resistance of clothing (10) is directly proportional to the temperature gradient of the surface of the skin and air and inversely proportional to the heat flux density. The total thermal resistance 1sum consists of the thermal resistance of the clothing itself L, and the air resistance of the under-clothing space 1B and is expressed in the following units: °C-m2-hour/kcal or in SI units - °C m2/W.

The most modern devices that make it possible to measure the magnitude of heat flows, as well as the surface temperature of individual parts of the body, are biothermal meters - devices designed to study the thermal state of a person. It is used to measure body surface temperature (skin temperature) in degrees Celsius, in the range from 16 to 40 ° C, and heat flow from the body surface.

The bioheat meter consists of 2 parts: a set of 6 combined “thermocouple - heat meter” sensors and a potentiometer recording device, specially calibrated for measuring small EMF and obtaining in degrees Celsius or kilocalories. The sensors are connected to the potentiometer via a special connector. Each sensor is a box measuring 20X20X40 mm made of organic glass, inside of which a thermocouple and a thermopile made of copper-constatan junctions are placed. The thermocouple is designed to measure skin temperature, the thermopile is designed to measure heat flow. All heat measuring sensors (thermopiles) are pre-calibrated.

The sensors of the device are attached to the child’s body with elastic bands according to the measurement points and secured. The sensor connector is led out through all layers of clothing. Thus, measurements can be repeated for different types of activities.

Both the weighted average skin temperature and the weighted average heat flux density are determined taking into account the relative size of the body surface areas on which the device sensors are located. To do this, the value of the heat flow (device readings) must be multiplied by the surface coefficient, which determines the proportion of a given surface (head, torso, etc.) relative to the total surface of the body.

To determine the weighted average value of heat flow, measurements are taken at 9-11 points on the skin surface.

Hg is the heat flux density of the head surface; surface coefficient 0.06; the sensor is attached to the middle of the forehead;

Npt - heat flux density of the front surface of the body (neck, chest, abdomen); surface coefficient 0.2; the sensor is attached on the chest near the nipple, on the stomach - near the navel;

Нзт - heat flux density of the rear surface of the body; surface coefficient 0.18; the sensor is mounted on the back on the right under the shoulder blade, on the lower back - to the left of the spine;

Нп - heat flux density of the shoulder surface; surface coefficient 0.035; the sensor is mounted on the outer surface of the left shoulder;

Npr - heat flux density of the forearm surface; surface coefficient 0.025; the sensor is attached to the middle of the outer surface of the right forearm;

Hk - heat flux density of the brush; surface coefficient 0.0225; the sensor is attached to the dorsum of the hand;

But is the heat flux density of the thigh; surface coefficient 0.1025; the sensor is attached to the outer surface of the right thigh;

Hgl - heat flux density of the lower leg; surface coefficient 0.0625; The sensor is attached to the outer surface of the left shin.

Note - heat flux density of the foot; surface coefficient 0.0325; The sensor is attached to the dorsum of the foot.

Source: Collection of information and regulatory materials "Working conditions during geological survey work"

Editor and compiler Luchansky Grigory

Moscow, Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Aerogeology", 2004.

Due to the various physiological characteristics of the body, the nature of the work performed and environmental conditions, several types of clothing are distinguished:

Household clothing manufactured taking into account seasonal and climatic characteristics (winter, summer, clothing for mid-latitudes, north, south);

Children's clothing, which, being lightweight, loose-fitting and made from soft fabrics, provides high thermal protection in the cold season and does not lead to overheating in the summer;

Professional clothing, designed taking into account working conditions, protecting a person from exposure to occupational hazards. There are many types of professional clothing; This is a mandatory element of personal protective equipment for workers. Clothing is often crucial in reducing the impact of an unfavorable occupational factor on the body;

Sportswear designed for various sports. Currently, great importance is attached to the design of sportswear, especially in high-speed sports, where reducing the friction of air flows on the athlete’s body helps improve athletic performance. In addition, fabrics for sportswear must be elastic, with good hygroscopicity and breathability;

Military clothing of a special cut from a specific range of fabrics. The hygienic requirements for the fabrics and cut of military clothing are especially high, since a military man’s clothing is his home. Fabrics must have good hygroscopicity, breathability, retain heat well, dry quickly when wet, be wear-resistant, dust-resistant, and easy to wash. When worn, the fabric should not discolor or deform. Even a completely wet set of clothes for a soldier should not weigh more than 7 kg, otherwise heavy clothing will reduce performance. There are casual, dress and work military clothes. In addition, there are sets of seasonal clothing. The cut of military clothing is different and depends on the type of troops (clothing for sailors, infantrymen, paratroopers). Formal clothing has various finishing details that give the costume solemnity and elegance;

Hospital clothing consisting primarily of underwear, pajamas and a gown. Such clothing should be light, easy to clean from dirt, easy to disinfect, and is usually made from cotton fabrics. The cut and appearance of hospital clothing require further improvement. Currently, it is possible to produce disposable hospital clothing from paper of a special composition.

Clothing fabrics are made from plant, animal and artificial fibers. Clothing in general consists of several layers and has different thicknesses. The average thickness of clothing varies depending on the time of year. For example, summer clothing has a thickness of 3.3-3.4 mm, autumn clothing - 5.6-6.0 mm, winter clothing - from 12 to 26 mm. The weight of men's summer clothing is 2.5-3 kg, winter - 6-7 kg.

Regardless of the type, purpose, cut and shape, clothing must correspond to weather conditions, the state of the body and the work being performed, weigh no more than 10% of the person’s body weight, have a cut that does not impede blood circulation, does not restrict breathing and movement and does not cause displacement of internal organs, and is easy to clean from dust and dirt, be durable.

Clothing plays a big role in the processes of heat exchange between the body and the environment. It provides a microclimate that, under different environmental conditions, allows the body to remain in normal thermal conditions. The microclimate of the space under clothing is the main parameter when choosing a suit, since ultimately the microclimate under clothing largely determines a person’s thermal well-being.

Under clothing microclimate should be understood as a comprehensive description of the physical factors of the air layer adjacent to the surface of the skin and directly affecting the physiological state of a person. This individual microenvironment is in particularly close interaction with the body, changes under the influence of its vital activity and, in turn, continuously influences the body; The state of the body's thermoregulation depends on the characteristics of the underwear microclimate.

The microclimate under clothing is characterized by temperature, air humidity and carbon dioxide content.

The temperature of the under-clothing space ranges from 30.5 to 34.6 °C np and the ambient air temperature is 9-22 °C. In a temperate climate, the temperature of the under-clothing space decreases as it moves away from the body, and at high ambient temperatures it decreases as it approaches the body due to heating of the clothing surface by the sun's rays.

The relative humidity of the air under clothing in the middle climate zone is usually less than the humidity of the surrounding air and increases with increasing air temperature. So, for example, at an ambient temperature of 17°C, the humidity of the air under clothes is about 60%; when the temperature of the atmospheric air increases to 24°C, the humidity of the air in the space under clothes decreases to 40%. When the ambient temperature rises to 30-32 °C, when a person actively sweats, the humidity of the air under clothing increases to 90-95%.

The air in the underwear space contains about 1.5-2.3% carbon dioxide, its source is the skin. At an ambient temperature of 24-25°C, 255 mg of carbon dioxide is released into the underwear space in 1 hour. In contaminated clothing, on the surface of the skin, especially when moistened and the temperature rises, intense decomposition of sweat and organic substances occurs with a significant increase in the carbon dioxide content in the air of the under-clothes space. If in a loose-fitting dress made of chintz or satin the carbon dioxide content in the air of the underwear space does not exceed 0.7%, then in narrow and tight clothes made from the same fabrics the amount of carbon dioxide reaches 0.9%, and in warm clothes consisting of 3-4 layers, it increases to 1.6%.

The properties of clothing largely depend on the properties of the fabrics. Fabrics must have thermal conductivity in accordance with climatic conditions, sufficient breathability, hygroscopicity and moisture capacity, low gas absorption, and not have irritating properties. Fabrics must be soft, elastic and at the same time durable, and not change their hygienic properties during wear.

Depending on the purpose of the clothing, the requirements for fabrics are different.

Hygienic requirements for linen fabrics

(according to R.A. Dell et al., 1979)

Indicators
Thickness, mm
Air permeability, dm3/m2 s		At least 100
Hydraulic conductivity, g/m2 h		At least 56
Hygroscopicity (at relative humidity 65%), %	At least 7	At least 7

For example, good breathability is important for summer clothing; on the contrary, clothing for working in the wind at low air temperatures should have minimal breathability. Good absorption of water vapor is a necessary property of linen fabrics, completely unacceptable for the clothing of people working in an atmosphere of high humidity or with constant wetting of clothes with water (dying shop workers, sailors, fishermen, etc.).

When hygienically assessing clothing fabrics, their relationship to air, water, thermal properties and ability to retain or transmit ultraviolet rays are examined.

The breathability of fabrics is of great importance for the ventilation of the underwear space. It depends on the number and volume of pores in the fabric, the nature of the fabric processing.

Airtight clothing creates difficulties in ventilating the space under clothing, which quickly becomes saturated with water vapor, which disrupts the evaporation of sweat and creates the preconditions for a person to overheat.

It is very important that the fabrics maintain sufficient breathability even when wet, that is, after wetting by rain or getting wet from sweat. Wet clothing makes it difficult for outside air to reach the surface of the body; moisture and carbon dioxide accumulate in the space under clothing, which reduces the protective and thermal properties of the skin.

An important indicator of the hygienic properties of fabrics is their relationship to water. Water in tissues can be in the form of vapor or liquid droplets. In the first case they talk about hygroscopicity, in the second - about the moisture-holding capacity of fabrics.

Hygroscopicity means the ability of tissues to absorb water in the form of water vapor from the air - to absorb vaporous secretions from human skin. The hygroscopicity of fabrics varies. If the hygroscopicity of linen is taken as one, then the hygroscopicity of chintz will be 0.97, cloth - 1.59, silk - 1.37, suede - 3.13.

Wet clothing quickly removes heat from the body and thereby creates the preconditions for hypothermia. In this case, the evaporation time matters. Thus, flannel and cloth evaporate water more slowly, which means that the heat transfer of woolen clothing due to evaporation will be less than that of silk or linen. In this regard, wet clothes made of silk, cotton or linen, even at a fairly high air temperature, cause a feeling of chilliness. Flannel or wool clothing worn over the top significantly softens these sensations.

The thermal properties of fabrics are of great importance. Heat loss through clothing is determined by the thermal conductivity properties of the fabric, and also depends on the saturation of the fabric with moisture. The degree of influence of clothing fabrics on the overall heat loss serves as an indicator of its thermal properties. This assessment is carried out by determining the thermal conductivity of fabrics.

Thermal conductivity is understood as the amount of heat in calories passing through 1 cm2 of fabric in 1 s when its thickness is 1 cm and the temperature difference on opposite surfaces is 1 °C. The thermal conductivity of the fabric depends on the size of the pores in the material, and it is not so much the large spaces between the fibers that matter, but the small ones - the so-called capillary pores. The thermal conductivity of worn or repeatedly washed fabric increases, as there are fewer capillary pores and the number of larger spaces increases.

Due to different ambient air humidity, the pores of clothing contain more or less water. This changes thermal conductivity, since wet fabric conducts heat better than dry fabric. When completely wet, the thermal conductivity of wool increases by 100%, silk by 40% and cotton fabrics by 16%.

The ratio of tissues to radiant energy is essential - the ability to retain, transmit and reflect both the integral flux of solar radiation and the biologically most active infrared and ultraviolet rays. The absorption of visible and thermal rays by fabrics largely depends on their color, and not on the material. All undyed fabrics absorb visible rays equally, but dark fabrics absorb more heat than light ones.

In hot climates, it is better to make underwear from cotton dyed fabrics (red, green), which provide better retention of sunlight and less heat access to the skin.

One of the significant features of fabrics is their permeability to ultraviolet rays. It is important as an element in the prevention of ultraviolet deficiency, which often occurs in residents of large industrial cities with intense air pollution. Of particular importance is the transparency of materials in relation to ultraviolet rays for residents of northern regions, where increasing the area of ​​exposed parts of the body is not always possible due to harsh climatic conditions.

The ability of materials to transmit ultraviolet rays turned out to be uneven. Of the synthetic fabrics, nylon and nylon are the most permeable to ultraviolet rays - they transmit 50-70% of ultraviolet rays. Fabrics made of acetate fiber transmit ultraviolet rays much worse (0.1-1.8%). Dense fabrics - wool, satin do not transmit ultraviolet rays well, but chintz and cambric are much better.

Silk fabrics of rare weave, both undyed (white) and dyed in light colors (yellow, light green, blue), are more transparent to ultraviolet rays than materials with a higher specific density, thickness, as well as dark and saturated colors (black, lilac , red).

Ultraviolet rays passing through polymer-based tissues retain their biological properties and, above all, antirachitic activity, as well as a stimulating effect on the phagocytic function of blood leukocytes. High bactericidal effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is also maintained. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays through nylon fabrics leads to the death of 97.0 - 99.9% of bacteria within 5 minutes.

Under the influence of wear, clothing fabric changes its properties due to wear and contamination.

Contamination of clothing occurs from the inside (liquid and gaseous waste products of the skin) and from the outside (from the introduction of dust and soiling substances). There are mechanical (dust, dirt), chemical (gases) and bacterial contamination of clothing.

The gas absorption capacity of tissues plays a certain role. This property is of particular importance in production and field conditions. The amount of gas absorption depends on their concentration and tissue moisture. Wool absorbs more gases than cotton fabric and releases them more slowly. Sometimes the amount of gases adsorbed by tissues is so large that when they are released back they can cause poisoning (aniline). The ability of fabrics to absorb gases (vapors) from the air also depends on the structure of the fabric and the nature of its processing.

Clothing fabrics contaminated with dust, secretions from the nasopharynx, and fumes may contain pathogenic pathogens - Mycobacterium tuberculosis, microorganisms of the typhoid-paratyphoid group, streptococci, staphylococci. Linen and woolen clothes are especially heavily contaminated, the large thickness of which, looseness and relatively infrequent washing contribute to the accumulation of microorganisms.

Typhoid fever, dysentery and other infections can be transmitted through contaminated clothing. The danger of such transmission is determined by the duration of survival of microorganisms on the tissue. Due to the epidemic danger of contaminated clothing, it must be disinfected.

Dyes used in finishing fabrics may contain toxic impurities. Cases of skin irritation with severe inflammatory phenomena have been described when wearing clothes containing residual amounts of arsenic compounds, cases of eczema of the facial skin with severe itching when wearing theatrical costumes, the details of which were painted fuchsin with toxic impurities. Such phenomena are currently extremely rare, and cannot be excluded when using fabrics dyed with synthetic dyes or made from a variety of chemical fibers.

As a result of the widespread introduction of polymer materials into everyday life, including fabrics made from artificial and synthetic fibers, as well as their combinations with natural fibers, fundamentally new products for the design of clothing have been created.

Scheme for conducting research on the hygienic assessment of clothing made from synthetic materials (according to K.A. Rapport, 1971).

Chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic. Artificial fibers are represented by cellulose and its acetate, viscose and triacetate esters. Synthetic fibers are lavsan, cashmilon, chlorine, vinyl, etc.

In terms of physical-chemical and physical-mechanical properties, chemical fibers are significantly superior to natural ones.

Synthetic fibers are highly elastic, have significant resistance to repeated deformation, and are resistant to abrasion. Unlike natural fibers, chemical fibers are resistant to acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents and other reagents, as well as mold and moths.

Fabrics made from chemical fibers have antimicrobial properties. Thus, microorganisms survive significantly less on chlorine underwear after experienced wear than on underwear made from natural fabrics. New fibers have been created that inhibit the growth of staphylococcal flora and E. coli.

Fabrics made from chemical fibers also have higher breathability than materials made from natural fibers of the same structure. The air permeability of lavsan, nylon and chlorine fabrics is higher than that of cotton.

Physiological and hygienic studies during experimental wear confirmed the high heat-protective properties of clothing made from synthetic fibers - orlon, nitron, polyvinyl chloride, lavsan.

In addition to heat-protective properties, the sorption qualities of clothing made from chemical fibers are important.

Along with the high hygienic properties of fabrics made from synthetic fibers, some of their negative qualities should also be noted. First of all, this relates to the ability of fabrics made of polymer materials to accumulate static electricity. At the same time, the high electrical charge of polyvinyl chloride fibers is used to create therapeutic underwear.

Low sorption properties limit the use of most synthetic fibers for the manufacture of linen.

The lipophilic properties of nylon fibers also determine the ability of such fabrics to retain odors and be difficult to wash. Washing with conventional means can reduce the bacterial contamination of nylon stockings by only 10%, but on natural fiber stockings after a similar procedure it accounted for only 40-25% of the introduced microflora.

For the hygienic assessment of clothing made from fabrics based on chemical fibers, the chemical stability of textile materials is extremely important. Polymer materials can release some harmful substances (unpolymerized monomers and other initial synthesis products). In addition, solvents, stabilizers, coolants, anti-electrostatic agents and other substances used in the processes of obtaining, forming, finishing fibers and fabrics can migrate into air and water from the polymer mass.

In clothes made of synthetic fabrics, an area of ​​high humidity is formed in the underwear space; in such clothes, overheating quickly occurs, especially in summer. Sweat that does not have time to evaporate accumulates on the skin, and rubbing of clothing can cause abrasions and irritation. In winter, when the relative humidity in the room is low, static electricity makes itself felt. It causes a tingling sensation and clothes stick to the body. At the same time, the rhythm of heart contractions changes, a tendency to vascular spasms, changes in blood pressure appear, fatigue develops, and a headache occurs. Static electricity also affects the properties of fabric - it attracts dust and microflora. The hygienic properties of such fabric are sharply reduced. In our country, strict hygienic control is carried out over the quality of synthetic materials intended for clothing and footwear. Samples of such tissues undergo complex studies in appropriate research laboratories.

When hygienic assessment of chemically stable fabrics is carried out, toxicological studies are carried out using specific and sensitive tests. Direct contact of clothing with skin makes it necessary to study the reaction of the skin of laboratory animals to the effects of aqueous extracts from tissue samples. This study aims to identify local irritant and sensitizing effects. Skin reactions to tissue extracts preclude the use of the tissue being tested. The final stage of toxicological studies is the study of the skin-resorptive effect, since some substances (for example, organophosphorus compounds) have a general toxic effect when in contact with the skin without a local skin reaction. Only in the absence of local irritant, sensitizing and skin-resorptive effects of aqueous tissue extracts on laboratory animals are observations carried out on human volunteers. This is carried out either by the method of “patchwork” tests, or by experimental wear of a product made from the fabric under study. At least one case of a skin reaction in a person provides grounds for rejecting the tissue being tested for widespread use. In the absence of a skin reaction, toxicological studies continue in the direction of the effect of aqueous extracts from tissues on the immune and genetic reactions of animals. For example, when studying formaldehyde-containing impregnations for clothing, no toxic effects were detected using skin tests, biochemical and morphological studies, but immunological and genetic methods revealed the effect of low concentrations of formaldehyde and dimethylformamide released from clothing. Thus, in the hygienic assessment of new fabrics and clothing made from them, the results of sanitary-chemical and toxicological studies are of decisive importance.

Based on the data obtained, recommendations are developed for the use of fabrics for clothing and formalized in the form of hygienic standards and rules.

Currently, fabrics are made from mixed fibers, which allows you to combine the advantages of natural and synthetic materials.

Mixtures of fibers of various natures increase the heat-protective properties of clothing, reduce hydrophobicity and electrostaticity, improve sorption properties, i.e., make it possible to obtain fabrics with favorable hygienic properties. Improving the heat-shielding properties of chemical fibers of the same type is also possible by adding bulk to the fiber, changing the weave, creating openwork, etc.

Recently, polyurethane foam-based foam has been successfully used as insulation for winter clothing. This material is chemically stable, has a low bulk density and high porosity, and pronounced heat-insulating properties. However, high moisture holding capacity and poor fit hinder its use. Physiological studies of various clothing options in the Far North and middle climate zones have shown the advisability of using polyurethane foam, especially in combination with windproof and water-repellent materials (raincoat fabric, Bologna). The use of polyurethane foam in winter children's clothing makes it possible to reduce the weight of clothing by 30-40%, which is significant for children of primary school and preschool age.

Polyvinyl chloride fibers are used to make therapeutic linen. Toxicological studies on laboratory animals and observations during experimental wear did not reveal any adverse events. These fabrics have high heat-protective properties, good air and vapor permeability, low moisture holding capacity and hygroscopicity. The high electrification of these tissues gives a physiotherapeutic effect (“dry” heat). However, these fabrics do not withstand frequent washing and are quickly destroyed by hot water, which precludes their use in medical institutions. Underwear made from polyvinyl chloride fibers can be recommended in cooling conditions during work and sports activities (outdoors in winter).

The quality of the protective clothing and other personal protective equipment used

When assessing the quality, the range of issued protective clothing and other personal protective equipment was studied, and their compliance with their intended purpose was determined depending on their use in various types of geological exploration work and the presence of harmful production and unfavorable factors.

The main shortcomings and comments regarding standard geologists' clothing are reflected in the topographies.

General comments on summer and winter workwear boil down to the following:

Low protective and performance qualities of the fabrics and materials used;

Imperfect design;

Lack of care for work clothes.

It has been established that workwear in most cases does not withstand the standardized periods of wear and does not provide protection for workers from the effects of harmful production and unfavorable factors.

The nature of contamination and destruction of workwear for core, percussion-rope and deep drilling drillers indicates the need to develop rational types of workwear for these professions.

Standard industry standards for the free issuance of workwear, safety shoes and safety equipment for workers at geological exploration enterprises and organizations provide for: leather boots, rubber boots, tarpaulin boots and felt boots. Taking into account the location of the studied areas with IV and special belts, the normal wear period for boots and rubber boots is 18 months, tarpaulin boots - 27, felt boots - 24 months.

It has been established that the issued safety footwear does not withstand the standardized periods of wear. The actual service life of rubber boots is 6-8 months, tarpaulin boots - from 2 to 6 months, felt boots - 6-8 months. The main reasons for premature wear of safety shoes are: harsh operating conditions, insufficiently high quality of materials and workmanship used. However, it should be noted that in most cases the cause of destruction of safety shoes is their use for other purposes, improper storage and lack of proper care during operation.

Tarpaulin boots fail mainly due to failure of the sole to the top of the shoe and rapid wear of the sole when working on stony and rocky soil.

One of the most rational types of special footwear for geologists can be considered yuft geological boots (TU RSFSR 6300-73). They are more consistent with working conditions and were generally assessed positively by workers.

However, as evidenced by materials and reviews from workers collected during geological exploration expeditions, the leather soles of boots must be replaced with wear-resistant microporous rubber, which is most convenient to use in mountain conditions.

Felted shoes are used without galoshes, so they quickly fail due to wear of the sole, as well as large shrinkage after getting wet and drying.

In the process of research on expeditions, it was found that the most common type of safety footwear among workers in the main professions are rubber boots; tarpaulin boots are less commonly used, and workers give preference to rubber shaped fishing boots (not provided for in standard industry standards). The presence of elongated tops in these boots, which provide convenience when performing work involving dousing with drilling mud and water, as well as when working and walking in wet places, makes this type of footwear the most rational in carrying out geological exploration work.

The quality of hand protection equipment for geologists is a serious issue.

Standard industry standards provide for combined mittens for a period of 1 or 2 months and canvas mittens for 1 month. In all types of work studied, none of the specified types of mittens can withstand wearing time. Depending on the nature of the work performed, the actual terms of wearing gloves for various professions working range from 1 shift to 15-20 days.

Along with the low performance properties of the mittens, it is necessary to note their lack of protective ability from the effects of various harmful production factors. They do not protect the hands of workers from drilling fluid, water and oil products.

In winter, workers use fur mittens, wearing them under canvas or combined ones. This combination creates inconvenience in work and does not protect hands from the hazards of production.

It is necessary to point out the poor quality of manufacturing of the mittens and, first of all, the use of weak threads. Most mittens fail due to rapid deterioration of the seams.

The short service life of the mittens entails additional issuance of them to workers, and, accordingly, an overexpenditure of expeditions’ material resources for their acquisition.

This situation indicates the need to develop rational types of means of protecting the hands of geologists.

UNIVERSITY

Approved at a department meeting

Protocol No. ____from “____” __________2003

Educational and methodological manual

for students

Gomel, 2003

UDC 613.48 (075.8).

Organization of the work of the centralized laboratory of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology

(educational manual)

Compiled by: L.P. Mamchits, Gomel: State Medical University, 2003

Reviewers:

V.N. Bortnovsky - Head of the Department of General Hygiene, Ecology and Radiation Medicine

Approved at a meeting of the Scientific and Methodological Council of State Medical University, protocol No. dated 2003

The educational and methodological manual is intended for conducting practical classes on general hygiene in medical institutes at the medical and preventive faculty and is compiled in accordance with the curriculum for the section

The materials presented in the manual meet the requirements of the qualification characteristics of graduates of the medical institute.

Gomel State

medical University,

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

GOMEL STATE MEDICAL

UNIVERSITY

Department of General Hygiene, Ecology and Radiation Medicine

TOPIC: HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF CLOTHING.

HYGIENIC METHODS FOR RESEARCHING MATERIALS FOR CLOTHING

Gomel, 2003

TOPIC: Hygienic assessment of clothing. Hygienic methods for studying clothing materials

Lesson time: 3 hours.

Motivational characteristics of the topic

Clothing serves to regulate the heat transfer of chalk and provides protection from adverse meteorological conditions, external pollution, and mechanical damage. Clothing remains one of the important means of human adaptation to environmental conditions. The properties of clothing largely depend on the properties of the fabrics.

As a result of the widespread introduction into everyday life of fabrics made from artificial and synthetic fibers, their combinations with natural fibers, new products have been created for the design of clothing.

Therefore, in the practical activities of the sanitary service, it is important to carry out a hygienic assessment of clothing.

The future hygienist must know the basic methods of hygienic assessment of clothing and methods for studying clothing materials.

Purpose of the lesson: study hygienic methods for studying clothing fabrics to develop recommendations for the use of fabrics for clothing for various purposes.

Tasks: master the methods and methods of hygienic examination of fabrics.

Requirements for the initial level of knowledge of students

To fully master the topic, the student must repeat from:

a) general chemistry - “Biogenic elements and their compounds as environmental factors.”

b) biophysics - “Thermodynamics, heat transfer”.

Test questions from related disciplines

1. The role of heat exchange processes between the body and the environment.

2. Methods for assessing a person’s functional state.

3. Clothing as an important means of human adaptation to environmental conditions.

4. Application of chemical research methods in clothing evaluation.

Test questions on the topic of the lesson

1. Hygienic importance of clothing for humans.

2. Basic hygienic requirements for the design, cut, thermal capacity, breathability and moisture permeability of clothing, depending on its purpose.

3. Hygienic characteristics of fabrics made from synthetic fibers.

4. Hygienic requirements for individual parts of clothing (underwear, dresses, outerwear, hats).

5. Research methods and hygienic assessment of clothing fabrics. Hygienic examination of clothing.

Educational material on the topic:

Cloth - a product or a set of products worn by a person that has utilitarian and aesthetic functions. Assortment of clothing - clothing grouped into independent groups according to certain characteristics (purpose, materials, etc.)

Hygienic importance of clothing:

· to protect the skin from pollution and mechanical damage;

· protection from low temperatures, excessive radiation, precipitation and chemical damage;

· ensuring a comfortable thermal state by creating an optimal microclimate around the body;

· educational value of clothing: aesthetics, formation of taste.

Depending on the season, there may be summer, winter, demi-season, all-season clothing.

Depending on the age, clothes are allocated for a newborn, for children of the nursery group, preschool group, junior and senior school groups (junior - from 7 to 12.5 years old and boys, then 7 to 11.5 years old - for girls) clothes for children of the teenage group .

There are men's and women's clothing.

In connection with the various physiological characteristics of the body, the nature of the work performed and environmental conditions, household clothing is distinguished by purpose, casual, formal, home, work, industrial, special, national. Clothes can be mass-produced and custom-made, ready-made and semi-finished clothing.

Regardless of the type, purpose, cut and shape, clothing must correspond to weather conditions, the state of the body and the work performed, weigh no more than 10% of the person’s body weight, have a cut that does not impede blood circulation, does not restrict breathing and movement and does not cause displacement of internal organs, and is easy to clean from dust and dirt, be durable.

The microclimate of the underwear space is the main parameter when choosing clothes, because... it determines a person’s thermal well-being.

Under clothing microclimate should be understood as a complex characteristic of the physical factors of the air adjacent to the surface of the skin. It is characterized by temperature, air humidity and CO 2 content. The temperature of the under-clothing space should be from 32-34 0 C, air temperature near the skin 24-32 0 C, humidity - 20-24%, carbon dioxide content - from 0.006 to 0.097%.

The properties of clothing largely depend on the properties of the fabrics. Fabrics must have thermal conductivity, sufficient breathability, hygroscopicity and moisture capacity, low gas absorption, and not have irritating properties. Fabrics must be soft, elastic, durable, and not change their hygienic properties during wear.

Depending on the purpose of the clothing, the requirements for fabrics are different. The weight of 1 m 2 of fabric is determined by dividing the weight of the sample by its area.

Breathability fabric depends on the number and volume of pores in the fabric, the nature of the fabric processing. At low air temperatures there should be minimal air permeability; for summer clothes, for example, there should be good air permeability in order to avoid overheating of the body. The air conductivity coefficient expresses the amount of air passing under constant pressure through a material at its natural thickness per unit of time (ml/cm 2 sec). Lowest air permeability region. ooooooooooo, canvas canvas, thick x 1 used fabric -< 50 л (м 2 С).

Hygroscopicity - the ability of tissues to absorb water in the form of water vapor from the air. The results are expressed in %, which characterize the ratio of the weight of the sample after testing to its constant weight obtained by drying.

Vapor permeability - calculated in mg/cm 3 hour, in relative % (reduction in the weight of cups of water covered with the test samples compared to an open vessel for a certain time (6 hours).

Thermal conductivity - the amount of heat per calorie passing in 1 s through 1 cm 2 of fabric when its thickness is 1 cm and the temperature difference on opposite surfaces is 1 0 C.

The thermal resistance of clothing was calculated using the formula:

Tk-To

R= ------------ - 0.15 m 2 deg/W

R- thermal resistance of clothing (shoes);

Tk- weighted average skin temperature;

That- t 0 outer surface of clothing

g- weighted average heat flux from the skin surface;

0.15 m 2 · deg/W - thermal resistance of air.

Skin temperature, heat flux density, is measured at the following points: forehead, hand, chest, thigh, lower leg, foot.

The weighted average skin temperature is calculated using the formula:

Ts.v.t.= 0.07T 0 forehead+ )0.5 T 0 breasts+ ),005 T 0 brushes + 0.18 T 0 hips +0.13 T 0 shin + 0.07T 0 feet.

A biothermal meter can be used to determine heat flows. Research using a heat meter is possible only in conditions where the main heat transfer from the body is carried out by radiation and convection.

A unit of thermal insulation is taken to be equal to 0.15 0 C m 2 /W or 1 ooooo i.e. a value that provides constant comfort to a sitting person whose heat production is 50 kcal/m 2 at T 0 air 21 0 C, relative humidity< 50 % и скорость движения воздуха 0,1м/с.

For a light dress, the thermal resistance value is 0.08 0 C m 2 /W,

for demisison clothing - 0.32 - 0.39 0 S m 2 /W,

for winter - 0.49 - 0.54 0 S m 2/W.

Objective studies of a person’s thermal state can be supplemented by a subjective assessment of their warmth

t 0 skin, C 0

28.0-29.0 cold

30-32.1 cool

32.2-33.2 comfort

33.3- 34.4 warm

34.5-35.5 very warm

35.6- 36.6 hot

The capillarity of materials is determined by their ability to absorb moisture from the surface of the skin. Determined by immersing 15 mm strips of material measuring 25 x 2.5 cm in tinted water and recording the height of the liquid rising through the capillaries of the material 3 t 1 hour/mm/hour. The degree of capillary rise of liquid is determined every 10 minutes.

The samples to be examined are kept for 24 hours in an unfolded form at an air temperature of 20±3 0 C and a relative humidity of 65±5%. Volumetric gravity is calculated by the formula by the ratio of weight and thickness (g/cm 3), porosity - by the ratio of volumetric gravity to specific (%) or the pore volume to the total volume of the sample.

P 0 · 10

D= ---------,

D- volumetric mass g/cm 2, R O- weight of 1 cm 2 fabric, J- fabric thickness,oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooolong it had a volumetric mass of 0.6 - 0.7 g/cm2, wool - 0.07 g/cm3 and below.

Fabrics made from artificial and synthetic fibers are now widely used. Chemical fibers are divided into artificial and synthetic. Artificial fibers - viscose, synthetic - lavsan, cashmilon, chlorine, vinyl, etc.

The positive properties of chemical fibers are high elasticity, wear resistance, antimicrobial properties, good breathability, high heat-shielding properties.

Negative properties include primarily:

The ability of tissues to accumulate electricity;

Low sorption properties;

May release harmful substances (monomers, etc.)

Increase the humidity of the underwear space.

The electrification capacity of polymer materials is determined by the strength of the electrostatic field without rubbing and when rubbing the surface of the sample and is expressed in KV/cm.

Measurements are carried out using existing instruments. An experimental and control sample is examined in laboratory conditions and in real use (test wear). If the charge value exceeds the permissible value by 1.5-2 times, then antistatic treatment cannot be considered effective.

Synthetic fibers - products obtained from monomers by chemical synthesis.

Man-made fibers- products obtained from natural materials or products of their transformation.

Hygienic safety of fibers - absence of migration from finished products into the environment (air, model environments) of monomers and other chemical ingredients of synthesis in quantities exceeding regulated values, as well as toxic, irritating, sensitizing, carcinogenic, mutagenic or other adverse effects on health when intended use.

Hygienic assessment of clothing made from synthetic fabrics, including natural sanitary-chemical studies, laboratory studies of physical properties, toxicological studies, physical studies in natural conditions, studying the reaction of human skin, mass experimental wear.

Clothing consists of several layers, each of them must fully meet its purpose.

Underwear (the first layer of clothing) should contribute to the normal functioning of the skin, cleanse the skin of microflora secretions and protect the dress from contamination. Linen has a direct impact on the temperature of the skin and the layer of air adjacent to it. Fabrics must be air- and vapor-permeable, hygroscopic, moisture-absorbing, soft, and elastic.

The best fabrics for linen are cotton, can be made of natural fur, linen, and for winter linen - wool. Wool underwear is worn over a layer of fine linen. As for synthetics, only viscose knitwear can be used.

A dress (the second layer of clothing) in the warm season should help transfer heat into the cold season - retain heat.

In summer, it is better to use cambric, chintz, and natural silk in light colors, which have good air and vapor permeability. Synthetic fibers are now widely used.

In winter, woolen and half-woolen fabrics and corduroy are used. Additions of viscose-lavsan yarn are allowed (up to 30%).

Woolen winter clothes should be aired once a week, brushed, and washed when dirty.

Outerwear is designed to retain heat and protect from precipitation. Warmth is retained by the still air under clothing and by the clothing's thermal permeability. To ensure low air mobility, outerwear can be windproof, slightly breathable and sufficiently sealed. A mandatory requirement is lightness and comfort of fit.

Clothing that meets the following requirements deserves a positive hygienic assessment:

1. Clothing should not be a source of odor or release of harmful chemical compounds that are hazardous to health.

2. The hygienically important physical properties of clothing (sorption, heat-protective, electrostatic, etc.) should ensure the optimal condition of the body.

3. The electrostatic field strength on the surface of products should be no higher than 0.3 sq/cm.

4. Each layer of clothing must meet its purpose.

5. Caring for all layers of clothing (washing, cleaning, dry cleaning) should ensure their complete sanitation.

6. Clothing must be chemically stable and meet all hygienic requirements.

7. Polymer shoe materials and products made from them should not have a specific odor, release biologically active chemicals into the environment, or accumulate static electricity.

To conduct a hygienic assessment of textile materials and products made from them, the institution conducting the research must be provided with the following information:

1. Chemical and trade name of the fiber or material.

2. On the basis of which GOSTs, MRTUs and TUs the presented samples are manufactured.

3. Description of the technological process indicating the chemical compounds used.

The number of samples depends on the volume of research. To carry out the full scope of hygienic studies, it is necessary to submit:

a) for sanitary-chemical, toxicological and physiological studies - 8 m 2 of toxic material;

b) for physiological methods in natural conditions, the number of products should not be< 10;

c) in cases where the results of field studies play a decisive role (studying the influence of climatic conditions, individual sensitivity, etc.), it is necessary to provide field studies of 80-100 oooooooooooo;

4. Extract from the technical specifications indicating the physical and chemical properties of the starting ingredients and materials.

5. Production technology.

6. Name of the institution - manufacturer.

7. Description of methods for determining the initial volatile components of the material in air and water.

The hygienic assessment of clothing begins with sanitary and chemical studies.

The goal is:

1) detection of possible release of harmful substances into contacting media;

2) study of the intensity and dynamics of their migration;

3) predicting the degree of their adverse effect on the body.

The sanitary and climatic assessment provides for:

Organoleptic studies of model environments - air and extracts (smell, taste and taste) in contact with fiber;

Studying the degree of migration from fiber to air and model liquids of chemical substances using integral methods (oxidability, bromination, pH of extracts);

Determination of residual quantities of initial synthesis products, additive technology.

In order to determine the migration of chemicals into the air, the samples under study are placed in closed containers - desiccators, from which, after certain exposures, air samples are taken using an electric aspirator device, taking into account 6-10 times the air exchange of the container. Exposure duration is usually 3 days.

Analysis of the air in contact with the test samples must be carried out immediately after production, after 1, 3, 6 months of storage under conditions of free access to air. Temperature conditions are determined by the operating conditions of this type of clothing.