12 obstetric week of pregnancy breasts have become smaller.

12 weeks of pregnancy is a transitional period for every expectant mother. After all, it is this period that means that the first trimester is over. At the same time, it becomes much easier for a pregnant woman, since the first wave of toxicosis passes. There comes a time when you can completely surrender to nascent maternal feelings.

What happens to the child's body? 12 weeks of pregnancy is also of great importance for your unborn baby. The fact is that at this stage the laying of all organs ends - in the future they will only develop.

In addition, the period of 12 weeks of pregnancy is accompanied by a significant increase in breast volume - the mammary glands begin to develop intensively, preparing for the birth and feeding of the child. This can sometimes be accompanied by itching. It is worth remembering that proper breast hygiene, contrast showers and massage are very important for normal breastfeeding.

12 weeks of pregnancy: recommendations. As a rule, it is during this period that a pregnant woman is sent for the first ultrasound scan. The doctor will be able to determine the unborn child's weight and height, sometimes even gender. By the way, based on the size of the fetus, it will be possible to make assumptions about the date of future birth, however, it is quite approximate.

12 weeks pregnant means the end of the first trimester. Toxicosis should stop soon. The little man under the mother's heart is less and less threatened by developmental pathologies. The risk of spontaneous abortion decreases. The absence of problems in the first trimester reduces the likelihood of various complications in the following months.

Fetal development

At the 12th obstetric week (see methods for calculating the timing), the size of the fetus is approximately 6 cm.Its weight is still not felt at all - about 9-13 g.

During an ultrasound, you can clearly see what the fetus looks like. Already without any deciphering and explanation of the doctor, you can distinguish the contours of the body. The baby's body is slightly larger than his head, and the arms and legs are barely distinguishable - they are still very short and thin. In very rare cases, modern equipment will allow the doctor to recognize the sex of the child - provided that the baby's crotch is clearly visible. This information will not be available on standard diagnosticians for a long time.

It is interesting. Expectant mothers often ask doctors a question: is their child located correctly in the uterine cavity? The answer of the experts surprises many. Now the fetus literally does what it wants. He can "settle" in any position, constantly change it and even somersault. This is because there is still enough room in the uterine cavity for all fetal movements..

What usually happens to a baby:

• All major organs and systems have been formed. Some perform their functions (for example, the heart), others continue their development and improve (intestines, endocrine glands);
• A barely noticeable fluff appears in place of the eyebrows and cilia;
• The formation of a unique pattern on the fingertips continues;
• Facial expressions develop: the baby begins to grimace;
• The development of the fingers ends - the membranes disappear completely, but there are already tiny marigolds;
• The outer ears may still be underdeveloped. But sometimes, even at the 12th week, the lobes are already forming;
• In the blood, leukocytes are actively formed, the future regulators of the child's immunity;
• Some reflexes work: the baby clenches and unclenches his fists, makes swallowing and imitates breathing movements. Of course, the fetus cannot really breathe: the uterine cavity is filled with fluid, and oxygen enters through the blood vessels through the placenta and umbilical cord;
• Peristalsis (muscle contraction) of the intestine appears;
• The pancreas "trains" to produce bile;
• There is an active strengthening of bone tissue.

How is the expectant mother?

What is happening now in a woman's body? External and internal changes are permanent, the whole body is involved in them.

• The uterus no longer fits in the pelvic space and gradually begins to occupy the abdominal cavity. Therefore, the tummy is more and more noticeable, so far it does not interfere. Unless tight-fitting clothes are no longer suitable;
• Toxicosis (if any) may completely stop at this time, but it may continue. How to deal with toxicosis -;
• The emotional state becomes more stable. The panic fear of losing a baby recedes. Irritability and sensitivity may persist.
• Feelings of overwhelming drowsiness and constant fatigue gradually disappear;
• It is still difficult to concentrate, to immediately perceive complex new information. This is not a drop in intelligence, just your body now spends a lot of energy on maintaining the well-being of yours and your baby;
• The heart, liver and kidneys work in an enhanced mode. If you have chronic diseases of these organs, they may worsen;
• The intestines may still be unstable, constipation and / or diarrhea are possible;
• The constant urge to urinate disappears for several weeks. Then the uterus will grow so much that it will again begin to press on the bladder;
• The amniotic fluid is regularly updated, so that the water-salt exchange is now very important;
• The blood volume increases slightly (this is a constant process);
• The chest has grown noticeably. If colostrum has not started to flow from the nipples earlier, it may start now. Do not pump under any circumstances;
• After walking for a long time, the legs begin to "buzz";
• Small swelling of the legs and arms may appear;
• Hair may grow back noticeably. However, they often become dry and brittle. The same problem occurs with nails;
• The skin of the abdomen is stretched, because of this, itching may occur;
• Normally, there should be no pain at week 12. But if the stomach or lower back pulls very little, this is normal;
• Vaginal discharge should be small, white or clear, without a strong odor. Report any deviation to your doctor. Especially if there is bloody discharge or blood really comes from the vagina;
• Food quirks can persist throughout pregnancy. Be prepared for this.

Photo of tummies in the twelfth week

Weight dynamics

Do you follow the nutritional guidelines for pregnant women? If so, the weight situation should be fairly stable. With toxicosis, you may not yet add a single kilogram and even lose a little weight. If you feel good at the same time, there is nothing to worry about.

The total weight gain at twelve weeks' gestation should be kept within 1.5-3.5 kg. In the next two to three months, it is permissible to put on weight 400-500 g per week.

Due to a lack of body weight, the baby may not have enough nutrients, this is bad for his development. Excess weight makes life difficult for the mother herself: it becomes difficult to breathe and move, strength is quickly lost, and it will not be easy to give birth later.

Note to moms!

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It is interesting. Doctors know exceptional cases when weight loss in the expectant mother is good. Women who were overweight before pregnancy did not gain weight while carrying a baby, but lost weight, and at the same time felt great. It is easy to explain this: hormonal changes during pregnancy stabilized metabolic processes. Mom's "reserves" were simply spent on the development of the child. As a result, having children helped women become slimmer and healthier. However, such cases are possible only when excess weight is the result of improper nutrition, and not serious diseases and metabolic problems..

Awareness of paternity

The figure of a woman in the 12th week has not yet changed so much that relatives (those who are not in the know), friends or colleagues noticed something. But the future father already perfectly sees the physical changes in his “half”. If paternal instincts have not yet manifested themselves, then now they will begin to form. There will be a desire to protect the beloved woman and especially take care of her.

The child's father definitely needs help. Many men still believe that pregnancy and childbirth is an extremely natural process, that nature has provided for everything, and various women's whims and emotional breakdowns are just whims. Try to delicately discuss your condition with your loved one, do not hide the problem. Can't talk? Show something interesting on the Internet about topics of your concern.

Medical supervision

Many expectant mothers, with good health, are in no hurry to go to the antenatal clinic. It is interesting that in our country something like a bonus is assigned if a woman is registered for up to 12 weeks. This is not an allowance in the full sense of the word, but a small one-time increase in payments for maternity leave.

If you haven't registered yet, go to your doctor. At 11-13 weeks, it's time to do the so-called screening. This is a comprehensive survey. On an ultrasound, the doctor will check some specific parameters of the fetus. For example, it will assess the size of the occipital region, which determines the threat of Down's syndrome in the early stages. Blood tests for certain hormones will reveal various malformations of the fetus, if any.

For up to 12 weeks, the woman still has the right to terminate the pregnancy. Later, this is allowed to be done only for medical and / or social reasons:

• severe toxicosis with a threat to the life of the mother;
• fatal malformations of the fetus;
• violent pregnancy.

If you are already registered, then you only have to screen. In other cases, the doctor will prescribe a study of blood, urine and vaginal smear for various diseases and infections. You will be asked questions about your well-being, family circumstances, the health of your household. Your doctor will measure your blood pressure, weight, and pelvic measurements.

If the term of your pregnancy for some reason cannot be calculated from the menstruation calendar, it can be determined by alternative methods before the 12th week. This is much more difficult to do later.

Throughout pregnancy, it is important to eat well, pay attention to your health and well-being. Surely you are already following a lot of recommendations. Then just check the list below to see if you are doing everything right.

Diet and nutritional principles

• You should have given up alcohol a long time ago;
• No fast food, multicolored carbonated and non-carbonated drinks with a bunch of dyes and stabilizers;
• Tea and coffee should not be strong;
• Even with morning sickness, do not give up breakfast. Use the tips for pregnant women with early toxicosis (link above in the text);
• The diet should include 30% vegetables and fruits, cereals, dairy products, lean meat and fatty fish;
• Steam, boil, or bake. Fried and fatty - as little as possible;
• Take vitamins (prescribed by your doctor);
• Watch out for viruses and infections. If outbreaks of infectious diseases are noted in your city, do not hesitate to walk in public places in a medical mask;
• Even a common cold can be very difficult during pregnancy. The tablets can only be taken as a last resort and as directed by a doctor. Various topical preparations will help you. The throat should be rinsed with furacilin solution or calendula infusion. A runny nose will disappear thanks to rinsing with sea water. For headaches, massage of certain points will help (on the temples, in the depression near the tragus, above the bridge of the nose);
• Avoid high-heeled shoes. In the wintertime, check to see if the soles of your boots or boots are slippery. If you lose your balance or fall, you can be injured and your baby may be at risk. If your shoes are slippery, there is an easy way. Buy an adhesive plaster and tape it onto your soles and heels. The effect is noticeable immediately, but the patch will have to be replaced from time to time, as it wears out;
• Monitor your weight. In case of deviations in any direction, consult a doctor - he will adjust the diet and prescribe medications, if necessary;
• Avoid stress and excitement. Great joy can tire you no less than a sad experience;
• Go in for sports. Swim in the pool, master yoga, pick up a gymnastics complex for pregnant women.

Health and beauty

You may notice the first stretch marks on your chest, hips and abdomen. Nowadays, you can effectively deal with them, it is important to start as early as possible. If the skin in problem areas has not changed, prevention will not hurt. Buy a special cream for stretch marks () or good olive oil and rub into your skin 2-3 times a day.

Your breasts need your special attention. She is noticeably poured and heavier. Now you need special support bras.

The face may be slightly rounded, acne eruptions, pigmentation are possible. Never squeeze out pimples or apply a thick layer of makeup. Try not to be complex about this. Over time, the skin will get better.

Intimate life

If you feel good, you can rest assured that you are especially beautiful and sexy. Your intimate life can go on as usual if it does not cause panic and pleasure. If something bothers you, be sure to talk to your partner. Now is the time to reinforce good family communication skills and rapport.

There are contraindications to sexual activity:

• multiple pregnancy;
• the amount of amniotic fluid is below normal;
• low location of the placenta;
• risk of miscarriage;
• genital infections (in this case, careful treatment of both partners is needed).

Some positions may already seem uncomfortable. Experimentally find the most comfortable position for sex.

And one more important tip. Love yourself and your baby. Now all your emotions should be positive, light and joyful. And may the 12th week of your pregnancy go well.

Video guide: 12 weeks pregnant - abdominal sensations, what is happening, ultrasound, symptoms, screening, doctor's advice

Note to moms!

Hello girls! Today I will tell you how I managed to get in shape, lose 20 kilograms, and, finally, get rid of the terrible complexes of overweight people. I hope you find this information useful!

Now your baby has an anniversary - he is 12 weeks old! It is already so good that only the details will be improved further. All major organs and systems have already been formed and are actively working. Dear mothers, just imagine: the top layer of the skin, the epidermis, is already being renewed in the crumbs, the "old" cells from which are exfoliated.

Fetus at 12 weeks gestation: gender, weight and size

At the site of the eyebrows, eyelashes, on the chin and on the upper lip, vellus hairs arise. The fingers of the arms and legs have already separated and are covered with marigolds, a skin pattern is formed on the pads - a unique "fingerprint".

And although all organs have already been formed by this time, they continue their development. The intestines "fell" into place and periodically contracts. The pituitary gland and the thyroid gland produce hormones and iodine, the liver produces bile, in addition to erythrocytes, leukocytes appear in the blood, the kidneys and the nervous system work, muscles become stronger, and bone tissue continues to mature.

The baby is growing rapidly, and now its length is a more important indicator than weight. The amount of amniotic fluid increases - at 12 weeks it reaches 50 ml. The uterus grows at a fast pace. Before pregnancy, the uterus is located in the pelvic region and has modest parameters: it weighs 70 g and holds no more than 10 ml. But as the fetus develops and grows in it, it goes beyond its previous location and fills the abdominal cavity. At 12 weeks pregnant, you can already feel and feel it. Interestingly, by the end of pregnancy, the volume of the uterus increases to 5-10 liters, and the weight after childbirth is more than 1 kg!

The fetus is already very similar to a baby, it weighs about 14 g and has a length from the coccyx to the crown of 6-9 cm. The baby is constantly moving, although the mother does not feel it yet: it rolls over, moves its arms and legs, mouth, and even sucks a finger! On a special device - - you can already listen to the baby's heartbeat.

Future mom

From the 12th week of pregnancy, you will begin to put on weight up to 500 g every week. Until that time, your gain, if the pregnancy is developing normally, should have been 1.8-3.6 kg. If you have been tormented, you may even have lost a little weight. But from the second trimester, the expectant mother should noticeably feel better - the corpus luteum is outliving its own, the placenta is actively involved in the work. However, if, then "storm" can even further.

It's time to start controlling yourself in food: do not overeat, forget about unhealthy snacks, remember the need for your and your child's body for calcium and iodine, as well as the risk of constipation. Drink compotes, eat dried fruits, vegetables, exercise.

Feel

At 12 weeks, unpleasant symptoms of toxicosis gradually recede into the past. If pregnancy is "traditional", then nausea and vomiting, and with them irritability, emotional instability, moodiness and tearfulness - all the "intrigues" of hormones - will become just an unpleasant memory for the pregnant woman. True, if mommy is expecting twins or triplets, then toxicosis will make itself felt for some time - you will have to endure.

You may have noticed that you are less likely to go to the toilet in a small way compared to the beginning of pregnancy. But all your internal organs are still working in an enhanced mode, due to the large volumes of blood, you may feel that your heart began to beat faster.

The uterus continues to increase in size, but this has not yet affected the size of the abdomen, usually by the 12th week of pregnancy, the tummy has not yet rounded. However, if motherhood is the first for a woman, and depending on the physique, in some cases even now such a "hint" of an interesting position in the form of a slightly protruding belly may appear. In any case, a woman personally can already feel some "roundness" of forms and physical changes, even if they are not visible to others.

The breasts are filling up more and more, the mammary glands are preparing for lactation. With this preparation, there is often some kind of itching of the skin on the chest. Itching in the chest may be accompanied by itching on the abdomen and hips - keep in mind that you have a disposition to the formation of stretch marks, and start prevention now. Do not be alarmed if one morning you find vascular formations on your face - they will disappear after childbirth, but now you have to endure. Also, a short-lived phenomenon is a dark strip on the abdomen, going down from the navel, which the expectant mother can acquire at 1 week of pregnancy. This strip is a consequence of the accumulation of melanin substance, it does not pose any danger, it is not a defect, and after childbirth it will disappear by itself.

Now you can feel a certain relief associated with the disappearance of the need to frequently go to the toilet on a small one. The uterus rises higher, ceases to press on the bladder, respectively, it now does not require frequent emptying. Instead, another problem may arise - increased gas production and constipation: instead of the bladder, now the uterus begins to press on the intestines, impairing its peristalsis.

It is possible that already at 12 weeks, the expectant mother will experience episodic heartburn. True, this symptom is more often characteristic of later stages of pregnancy, but from time to time, heartburn can appear even now. The reason is the weakening of the septum between the stomach and the esophagus under the influence of progesterone, due to which gastric juice moves along the esophagus, causing a burning sensation.

At 12 weeks, it is already quite possible to attend to the issue of choosing a new, "pregnant" wardrobe. Now you should definitely get enough sleep and rest, choose comfortable shoes with low soles, and indulge in good emotions more often. Think more about your baby, about your friendly, happy family, surrender to spiritual thoughts, learn to relax and stay in peace. The most fertile period of all pregnancy is approaching - the second trimester.

Belly at 12 weeks pregnant: pulling, hurting

Pains of a different nature and different localization are not uncommon for pregnant women. One of the most common painful complaints is abdominal pain.

Experts reassure: if abdominal pain occurs from time to time, and at the same time "nests" on the sides of the abdomen, periodically giving it to the lower back or groin, it usually does not conceal any danger. Such symptoms are usually explained by the "intrigues" of progesterone, or rather - its effect on the ligaments that support the uterus, which are now softened and more and more stretched as the abdomen grows.

Anxiety should be caused by pains in the abdomen, arising in its lower part, aching and pulling, possibly cramping. In the presence of such pains, and even more so when they are also aggravated by smearing brown or bloody vaginal discharge, you should immediately consult a doctor. After all, this picture indicates the danger of spontaneous abortion, which can be prevented by reacting in time and taking all the necessary medical measures.

Discharge at 12 weeks of gestation

While progesterone "rules the ball" in the body of a pregnant woman, the discharge remains slightly thick, of a uniform consistency, of a light or milky shade, without any unpleasant odor, with a slight sour smell. Any change in the color of the discharge towards a yellow or green-gray color, the appearance of discharge with an unpleasant odor, with impurities of pus, foamy or curdled discharge indicate the addition of an infection.

Now, during pregnancy, when a woman's immunity is weakened, genital infections are not at all uncommon. Most often, women during the period of gestation are faced with thrush, or candidiasis, an infectious disease caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Changes in discharge can also be caused by the pathogenic effect of chlamydia, Trichomonas, cocci. And almost always infectious diseases of the genital tract are accompanied, in addition to atypical discharge, also discomfort in the perineal region - itching, burning, which intensify after urination. In the presence of the above symptoms, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible and undergo specialized treatment to prevent infection from reaching the fetus.

The appearance of brown or bloody discharge should also become a "signal" for an immediate visit to a doctor. Bloody discharge against a background of pain in the abdomen indicates an increased risk of pregnancy failure. If the separation of blood is not accompanied by pain in the abdomen, and is usually observed after a medical examination or intercourse, most likely there is an erosion of the cervix. Both in the first and in the second case, one cannot do without consulting a specialist. And in the event that spotting is associated with the risk of miscarriage, you may also have to go to the hospital on the recommendation of a doctor.

Ultrasound

Week 12 usually becomes the very first date of parents with their child: the first scheduled ultrasound scan, if a woman disciplinedly registered at 6 weeks, falls on this week. But if for mom and dad an ultrasound is a way to see a baby on a monitor and experience genuine joy from it, then for a doctor leading a pregnancy, ultrasound is an invaluable method for assessing the state of the uterus and fetal development.

During the ultrasound examination, the doctor will examine the condition of the uterus and its tone, see the location of the placenta, and establish the estimated date of delivery. The task of ultrasound at 12 weeks of gestation is also the size, dynamics of fetal development. Already at this stage, an ultrasound study allows you to determine the risks of developing congenital abnormalities or chromosomal abnormalities. It should only be remembered that the results of an ultrasound scan cannot be regarded as a diagnosis in any way: if after a session a specialist has any suspicions, the mother will need to pass additional tests and undergo an in-depth detailed examination.

The doctor compares all the indicators obtained during the ultrasound scan with the indicators indicated in the table of normal values. Again, the indicators of the first ultrasound will be used in the future for comparison with the results of subsequent ultrasound studies - so the specialist will be able to track the course of pregnancy and monitor the development of the baby.

Especially for- Elena Kichak

PREGNANCY PROGRESS AT 12 WEEKS

completes, and now it is responsible for maintaining pregnancy, it is she who begins to produce progesterone. Previously, this function was performed by the corpus luteum, which is now gradually fading. The risk of miscarriage is significantly reduced, and the woman's well-being tends to improve.

Vitamins are the main catalyst metabolism, which is very important in the 12th week of pregnancy, so do not forget to include in your menu more vegetables and fruits... Pay special attention to foods containing vitamins C and E - these substances make the placenta stronger and more elastic.

Highly concentrated products vitamin C: rose hips, black currants, sweet red peppers, Brussels sprouts and cauliflower, strawberries. enters our body with nuts and vegetable oil, dairy products and cereals. Therefore, do not forget to eat cereals every day, drink yoghurts, indulge yourself with nuts and dried fruits. The latter, by the way, perfectly replace heavy and fatty confectionery, which is better to limit during pregnancy.

For the normal functioning of a pregnant woman iodine is needed, the largest amount of which is found in seafood: fish, seaweed, oysters, squid, etc. Also, iodine will be contained in eggs, beef, spinach, eggplant, sorrel, beets, tomatoes, radishes, asparagus, potatoes, bananas, oranges.

At the 12th week of pregnancy, the doctor, if he has not done this earlier, without fail recommends a multivitamin complex to the expectant mother, since the growing needs of a woman and her baby for nutrients are increasingly difficult to satisfy only with the help of nutrition. What do they both need?

Vitamin B9 (folic acid)... Prevents the development of neural tube defects in the baby. It is necessary for the formation of the nervous system and DNA of cells, hematopoiesis, metabolism and, in general, for the normal intrauterine development of the child. It is required for maturation of the placenta, prevention of iron deficiency anemia, improvement of blood clotting and immunity in the expectant mother. Where to look? Beef liver, cod liver, parsley leaves, spinach, lettuce, green onions, asparagus, cabbage, legumes, fresh green peas, cereals, wholemeal flour products, yeast, cottage cheese, cheese, nuts, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds.

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)... It is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems of the expectant mother, alleviating the symptoms of toxicosis, preventing low blood pressure - hypotension. Where to look? Cereals, wholemeal flour products, yeast, bran, sprouted grains, legumes, nuts, apricots, rose hips, beets, carrots, cabbage, radishes, potatoes, onions, watercress, spinach, milk, meat, eggs.

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Participates in the metabolism, absorption of iron, which means it helps to prevent anemia. It is important for the functioning of the liver, the immune system of the expectant mother. It is necessary for the normal development of the baby, including the formation of the skeleton, muscles, and the nervous system. Where to look? Liver, milk, eggs, yeast, cereals, legumes, spinach, arugula, Swiss chard, cabbage, tomatoes, lettuce, watercress, dill, parsley, basil, lettuce, rose hips, apricots.

Vitamin B3 (vitamin PP, niacin)... Participates in metabolism, maintaining normal cholesterol levels and blood pressure. It is necessary for the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, liver of mother and child. Where to look? Meat, liver, kidneys, eggs, milk, cereals, wholemeal flour products, legumes.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)... Participates in the metabolism, has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, the work of the adrenal glands and the thyroid gland of the woman and the unborn baby. Where to look? Liver, kidneys, meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, beets, asparagus, cabbage.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)... Participates in the metabolism, the process of hematopoiesis and blood supply, the functioning of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract of the expectant mother and her crumbs. Reduces the severity of toxicosis, prevents hypotension. Where to look? Meat, fish, eggs, legumes, cereals, sprouted grains, nuts, spinach, potatoes, cabbage, carrots, lettuce, tomatoes, strawberries, cherries, citrus fruits.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin). It is necessary for the normal development of the child, the prevention of anemia in the expectant mother. Supports the process of hematopoiesis, the functioning of the liver and digestive organs, the nervous system. Where to look? Beef liver, meat, fish, seafood, milk, cheese.

Vitamin A (retinol)... Participates in the metabolism and hematopoiesis, activates cellular immunity, is necessary for the functioning of the placenta, the formation of the skeleton, organs and tissues of the crumb, the prevention of a decrease in visual acuity in the expectant mother. Where to look? Butter, cream, cottage cheese, cheese, fish oil, beef liver, egg (yolk), bell pepper, pumpkin, cabbage, carrot, spinach, celery, watercress, sorrel, dill, parsley, green onion, rose hips, black currant , sea buckthorn, apricots, watermelon.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)... Strengthens the body's defenses (immunity) of the expectant mother, relieves inflammation, helps prevent anemia, varicose veins, gum disease, and premature termination of pregnancy. It removes toxins from the woman's body, reduces the risk of stretch marks. It tones the blood vessels of the placenta, minimizes the risk of its detachment, and improves oxygen supply to the baby. Where to look? Bell peppers, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, sorrel, eggplant, green peas, parsley, radish, green onions, dill, watercress, rose hips, currants (any: black, red, white), cranberries, mountain ash, sea buckthorn, strawberries, kiwi, melon, citrus fruits, apricots, peaches, apples, seaweed, beef liver and kidneys, pork liver, goat milk, kumis.

Vitamin D (calciferol). It is necessary for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, participates in the mineralization of bone tissue, the formation of bones and teeth, helps to prevent rickets and skin diseases. Strengthens the immune system, improves the functioning of the thyroid gland, the cardiovascular system of the mother and the child. Where to look? Fish oil, cod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon and other types of fish, beef, pork, chicken liver, eggs, milk, butter, cottage cheese, cheese, spinach, parsley.

Vitamin E (tocopherol). Improves the supply of nutrients and oxygen to cells, since it has a positive effect on blood circulation. Promotes relief of inflammatory processes, prevention of miscarriages and premature birth, prevention of blood clots. It is necessary for the production of hormones, the metabolism of the mother and the child, and the normal intrauterine development of the baby. Where to look? Unrefined vegetable oils, cereals, bran, sprouted grains, nuts, seeds, tomatoes, lettuce, fresh peas, spinach, parsley, rose hips, meat, eggs, beef liver, milk.

Vitamin H (biotin). Participates in the metabolism of amino acids and fatty acids, the work of the nervous system, is necessary for the health of the skin. Where to look? Beef liver, kidneys, eggs, milk, yeast, beets, cabbage, spinach, legumes.

Vitamin K. It is necessary for both the expectant mother and the child for blood clotting. Where to look? Cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, spinach, rose hips, strawberries, wild strawberries.

Iron... This trace element is involved in the production, and therefore it is necessary for the prevention of anemia in the expectant mother and the prevention of hypoxia - oxygen starvation of the baby. Prevents the appearance of intrauterine pathologies in the baby and premature birth. Where to look? Beef liver, kidneys, meat; poultry, fish, seafood, legumes, buckwheat, rolled oats, cabbage, tomatoes, celery, spinach, lettuce, watercress, leeks, strawberries, cherries, apricots, quince, blueberries, pomegranate, apples.

Iodine. It is necessary for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland of a pregnant woman and her unborn baby, full-fledged intrauterine development of the child. Where to look? Sea fish, cod liver, seaweed, iodized salt.

Calcium. Required by the future baby for the formation of bones, teeth, muscles and tissues of internal organs, the development of the nervous, cardiovascular systems. The expectant mother needs this trace element for the prevention of osteoporosis, caries, problems with hair and nails, as well as for improving blood clotting, maintaining normal cholesterol levels, blood vessel tone, and full functioning of the kidneys. Reduces the severity of toxicosis, participates in the production of hormones. Where to look? Cabbage, garlic, sorrel, spinach, celery, parsley, dill, basil, dairy and sour milk products, eggs, fish, nuts, sesame seeds, poppy seeds, bran, pasta and baked goods made from whole grain flour, gooseberries, black currants, strawberries, cherries, mineral water.

Magnesium. It is important for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, the metabolism of mother and child: coordinates the heart rate, normalizes blood pressure and blood sugar, increases the immune activity of cells, accelerates the elimination of toxins from the body, is necessary for the synthesis of enzymes, nucleic acids, fats , proteins, B vitamins, collagen. It prevents DNA and RNA mutations, strengthens the nervous system, helping to resist stress, insomnia, anxiety, headache. Participates in the formation of bone tissue. Where to look? Drinking water, nuts, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, bran, cereals (including legumes), wheat germ, cocoa, seaweed, rose hips, dates, watermelon, dried fruits, blackberries, raspberries, strawberries, spinach, green salad, Swiss chard , parsley, green onions, celery, green peas, hard cheese, rye bread, whole grain flour products.

Manganese... It is necessary for hematopoiesis, strengthening the immune system, assimilating iron and B vitamins. It is important for the development of the skeleton and soft tissues of the unborn child. Where to look? Meat, beef liver, kidneys, fish, bread, cereals, cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, turnips, potatoes, parsley, spinach, plums, dates, grapes, bananas, raspberries, cranberries, tea, cocoa, honey.

Copper. It is necessary for metabolism, the production of hemoglobin (hematopoiesis) and enzymes, the synthesis of pigments responsible for the shade of the skin, hair, eyes, and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It is also important for the normal functioning of the immune and respiratory systems, the endocrine glands of a woman and a child. Where to look? Liver of beef, pork, chicken, seaweed, cereals (including legumes), potatoes, tomatoes, beets, cucumbers, dill, apples, pears, raspberries, strawberries, nuts, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sprouted wheat, baked goods , tea.

Selenium... It is necessary for the body as a strong antioxidant that protects cells from the effects of free radicals, which impair immunity and contribute to premature aging. Strengthens the action of another antioxidant - vitamin E, improves its absorption, as well as the absorption of iodine. It is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and, in general, for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. It helps to increase the body's defenses and neutralize toxins that enter the body of the mother and child. Where to look? Meat, offal (liver, kidney), fish, seafood, cereals, whole grain bread, asparagus, garlic, eggs.

Phosphorus... Participates in the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids (part of DNA and RNA), the formation of bone tissue (together with calcium), metabolism and energy, muscle activity, is necessary for the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system and kidneys of the expectant mother and her child. Where to look? Meat, fish, seafood, milk, cheese, cottage cheese, cereals (including legumes), cabbage, carrots, parsley, garlic, spinach, berries, nuts.

Zinc. It is necessary for the expectant mother and baby for the synthesis of hormones, proteins and nucleic acids, metabolism, normal functioning of the digestive and immune systems. It is important for the normal development of tissues, skeleton, cardiovascular and nervous systems of the child, as it is required for cell growth, lymph function, brain activity. Prevents prolonged pregnancy. Where to look? Beef, beef liver, lamb, pork, poultry, eggs (yolks), seafood, cheese, legumes, spinach, nuts, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, cocoa butter.

Chromium... Contributes to the maintenance of normal carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose levels, which means it prevents the development of gestational diabetes (aka pregnancy diabetes). It is important for the prevention of high cholesterol levels, diseases of the cardiovascular, endocrine and nervous systems. Where to look? Carrots, corn, parsley.