What is a morganatic marriage? Dynasties of Europe Morganatic marriages in the Russian Empire

When choosing a life partner, most people are guided primarily by feelings and only then by reason. Nevertheless, the different social status of lovers is a significant obstacle to concluding an official union. In today's world, morganatic marriage is not uncommon. Let's find out what such a marriage is and what its essence is.

Morganatic marriage: what is it?

Morganatic marriage- a union between persons of different social status, where one of the spouses does not receive a higher social status upon marriage.

Such an alliance is one of the variants of misalliance. There are many examples of such a union, but the concept of morganatic marriage was applicable only to the upper class. A striking example of a morganatic marriage is the wedding of Empress Catherine II with Adjutant General Potemkin, which took place in 1775.

For the first time such a marriage became known in the Russian Empire and German-speaking countries at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Until this point, representatives of the nobility could only enter into alliances with persons of equal title. At the beginning of the 20th century, the attitude towards this situation changed. In Europe, the law that previously regulated this issue was repealed.

Along with countries that have abandoned the law, there are also those that today honor traditions and have preserved this legislation. One of these countries is Sweden.

Essence and goals

The concept of morganatic marriage first appeared in the legislation of the Russian Empire and German-speaking countries in the 18th-19th centuries. in order to avoid marriages between representatives of the reigning families and their subjects.

Otherwise, this could lead to loss of the right to succession to the throne. To solve this problem, many monarchs chose a person of equal status as their wife, and the one who was chosen according to their heart was registered as their mistress.

The ban on morganatic union was explained by the fact that it could lead to the disappearance of the royal bloodline. According to some historians, this is how the Romanov dynasty was destroyed.

The official ban on morganatic marriages in Russia was the Law on Succession to the Throne, the adoption of which occurred after the accession of Pavel Petrovich to the throne. Its main goal is to eliminate the possibility of the throne being transferred “bypassing” the legal heir. Power was transferred to each subsequent monarch under the terms of this law.

If a member of the imperial family joined, he was forever deprived of the right to ascend the throne, and the same applied to his descendants. It was because of this that Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich refused to succeed Alexander I, which led to the Decembrist uprising.

Examples of morganatic marriages among representatives of ruling monarchies

In the Russian Empire

The following morganatic marriages took place in the Romanov family before the revolution:

• Zh.A. became the wife of Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich in 1820. Grudzinskaya. In this regard, she was awarded the title "Most Serene Princess Łowicz". No children were born in this union;
• Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Leuchtenberg (being a widow) secretly married Count G.A. Stroganov. The couple had two children, who received the title of Counts of Stroganov;
• Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich married A.V. Zhukovskaya, who was the maid of honor;
• in 1878, the daughter of the city police chief in Orenburg, N.A., became the wife of Grand Duke Nikolai Konstantinovich. Dreyer. The Synod dissolved this union, but it was subsequently recognized. The couple had two sons, who were given the titles “Princes Iskander”;
• Grand Duke Mikhail Mikhailovich married Countess S.N. in San Remo in 1891. Merenberg. The children of this union bore the title of Counts de Torby;
• Abroad, Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich married Olga Karnovich, who was divorced. A little later, she nevertheless received the title “Princess Paley”. The same title was given to the children born in this union;
• Princess Tatyana Konstantinovna in 1911 became the wife of Prince K. A. Bagration-Mukhransky. To this union two children were born;
• Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich married N.S. in 1912. Sheremetyevskaya, by this time twice divorced, and from whom he already had a son, Georgy. The Emperor gave permission to call the prince's wife and son Countess and Count Brasov;
• in 1914, Princess Irina Alexandrovna married Prince Felix Yusupov. Daughter Irina was the only one in this union;
• Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna divorced the Duke of Oldenburg in 1916, after which she married officer N.A. Kulikovsky. Children were also born in the union.

Eat different opinions about the union of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich and Princess L.G. Bagration-Mukhranskaya, where M.V. Romanova, a claimant to the throne, was born. Be that as it may, in 1911 the marriage of Prince Konstantin Bagration-Mukhrani and Princess T.V. Romanova was recognized as a morganatic emperor.

Abroad

In history, such a marriage was first formalized by the British King Edward VIII, who married Wallis Simpson, who had previously had two husbands.

Edward's parents did not approve of this union, but it so happened that in 1936 George V dies and Edward becomes king of Great Britain. The Establishment was also against morganatic marriage.

The king's marriage was not recognized and he abdicated the throne in favor of George, his brother. The marriage of Edward and Wallis took place in 1937. Princess Margaret (sister of Queen Elizabeth II) was about to enter into an alliance with Captain Peter Townshend (divorced), who served at court.

Essentially, this meant that Peter was a completely free man, but if he married, the English church would condemn the princess. Unable to cope with the onslaught, the princess and the captain nevertheless parted, but subsequently she entered into an alliance with Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was an ordinary commoner.

The last Prince Harald married Sonja Haraldsen, a simple saleswoman in a clothing store, in 1968. For 9 years the couple waited for consent to get married.

Carl XVI Gustaf (King of Sweden) in 1976 entered into an alliance with Sylvia Sommerlath, the daughter of a German businessman. The future queen at this time was a translator at the Olympics.

In 1981, permission was given by Queen Elizabeth for the marriage of her son to Diana Spencer, who works at kindergarten teacher

After her death, Charles did not hide his relationship with his mistress, who, after 30 years of relationship, nevertheless became the wife of the monarch (Camilla Parker-Bowles). Prince Joachim, the son of Queen Margrethe II, married Alexandra Christina Manley, who was an economist by training, in 1995.

After ten years of marriage, the couple divorced. This was the first time in the last 160 years that a tragedy occurred in the Danish royal family. In 2001, Prince Haakon of Norway married student Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby, who had a son with another man.

The king was against this union, despite the fact that he himself was married to a merchant's daughter. Permission was given only when Haakon threatened to abdicate. Although her son Marius became a member of the royal family, he did not receive the title of nobility, nor did he receive the right to succession to the throne.

The concept of "marriage"

Nowadays, such a concept as “marriage” is already known, of course, to every person. This

when a man and a woman live under the same roof, provide material and moral support to each other, and share all the troubles, difficulties and joys in life. Also in this social unit the next generation is born and raised. But this is not the only thing considered a traditional marriage. Not cheating on each other is the most important thing. Although today all marriages are concluded only by love or mutual consent, the concept of “polygamous marriage” has been preserved in the countries of the East.

A little history...

There is a huge amount various marriages. For example, spiritual marriages, as you know, are created in heaven to serve the Lord. This is a union of those people who have a common and complementary mindset. Such unions are usually formed in mature age. A happy marriage is when both parties are equally happy. But does morganatic marriage belong to this concept? Most likely, few people know what it means, so let's first find out the features of this union. Morganatic marriage is, if we indulge in explanation in simple words, unequal marriage. In other words, this is when the spouse who is married has a different social position in society, and it does not change in any way even after the official marriage (no matter how famous, rich or

We respect one of the spouses). Such a union was previously possible only for the upper classes. Nowadays, morganatic marriage has become very popular. It first appeared in Germany, and then in the Russian Empire. In those days, marriages were arranged only between those people who had the same social status, so as not to lose the right to the throne. A woman or a man who had different social status could only become secret lovers to each other, but not husband and wife. The reason for all this was the ban on morganatic marriage, because it was this that destroyed the Romanov dynasty. But at the beginning of the twentieth century the situation began to change better side, only Sweden remained committed to this law. But why did our ancestors always believe that morganatic marriage is bad and should be avoided? After all, we all know very well that people will be happy together only when they love each other, despite all social statuses. And the answer is very simple: everyone was afraid of the disappearance of empires. Modern youth do not want to follow the rules that existed before. They just want to be normal people, that is, being close to loved ones, giving birth to children. Today, some marry out of convenience, while others marry out of true love. This is a voluntary and conscious choice of every person who

They are guided either by feelings or by the desire to get rich. Of course, even today many parents are against such marriages and do not wish them for their children.

Conclusion

In any case, no matter what social status you or your chosen one is, never be afraid to get married. The most important thing is that there is love, sincerity and trust in your relationship. Leave behind all the advice or ridicule of strangers and give in to the will of your sincere feelings.

They are loved and hated, praised and criticized, presented as a symbol of the democratic era and proof of the complete decline of morals: they are commoners who marry into royal families. We will not talk about the personal fate of those who entered into morganatic marriages. We will try to analyze the rarely raised question of why these marriages have become the order of things these days and what they entail in the future. We will talk about the future of monarchical power as such.

The problem is much more complex than it might seem at first glance, and it should not be reduced to a dispute about how “stylish” or “vulgar” the newly minted princesses and prince consorts are. Behind conversations about outfits, hats, handbags and shoes, in most cases, personal likes and dislikes for the commoners who belong to the royal families are hidden, because it is no secret that many of us identify emotionally with them. There are people who wholeheartedly side with the common people, because it is thanks to them that the fairy tale of Cinderella becomes a reality. See how ordinary girl elevated to the title of princess - almost becoming a princess. Is it a sin to dream about how you wear a crown, dress up in luxury dresses and give a big welcome? These people really like such dreams. There are also those who hold a completely opposite, but no less romantic opinion: princes and princesses must certainly be born into royal families. “Blue blood” is the source of a special aura of nobility; it distinguishes a person from the crowd. But that is another story.

Causes and consequences

The history of misalliances dates back to the time when the British king Edward VIII was forced to abdicate the throne after marrying a twice-divorced American woman. This was the first morganatic marriage in British history; people all over the world, mainly representatives of countries with the status of republics, ardently supported this couple and insisted on Edward's right to marry the woman he loved. They did not understand why Parliament revoked its consent to the marriage of two loving hearts. Thus, Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson became a romantic symbol of lovers who were not afraid to defy social conventions in order to be together forever. For many people, the laws governing the marriage of crowned heads of the United Kingdom are nothing more than “an unfortunate and pointless anachronism.”

The next generation witnessed the scandalous story of Princess Margaret, who wanted to marry Colonel Peter Townsend, a divorced representative of high society, and then, unable to withstand the onslaught of opponents of such a marriage, separated from Townsend and became the wife of another commoner, Antony Armstrong-Jones (who was created Earl of Snowdon upon marriage). This marriage did not bring happiness to the spouses, both had explosive temperaments, and the marriage was dissolved 18 years after its conclusion. This episode is perhaps the most important key to understanding the reasons for society’s favorable attitude towards misalliances at court. The idea that “they should be together because they love each other” began the public acceptance of morganatic marriages. What's wrong with a prince or princess marrying someone who doesn't have a drop of royal blood in her veins? Of course, most monarchist marriages were concluded taking into account the interests of family and geopolitical considerations, but history also testifies to deep feelings between monarch spouses. One of the most famous love stories is the marriage of Nicholas and Alexandra Romanov, the last emperors of Russia, there are other facts. Love is a feeling that can arise in any heart - be it the heart of a monarch or a commoner. Unfortunately, there is an opinion that only ordinary people characterized by sincerity and simplicity.

However, love is not at all the exclusive reason for misalliance. To fall in love with a person, you need to know him well. In the past, monarchs practically did not communicate with ordinary people; their circle was limited to courtiers. They participated in royal celebrations, carried out their duties as the true rulers of their own states, and interacted with their own kind. Their children had never been among ordinary children, and knew only their equals; the life of the people was unknown to them. Therefore, it is only natural that their marriages were planned in advance. Let's say Nikolai Romanov and Alexandra of Hesse fell in love with each other when they met at the wedding of Elizabeth of Hesse, Alexandra's sister, and Grand Duke Sergei. Today, monarchs have a more open life, so to speak: they attend a regular school, work outside the palaces, attend various events where they can communicate with ordinary people. Is it any wonder that in this case they may well meet someone who shares their views on life and has similar tastes. And it won’t necessarily be a person of royal blood.

Another important reason for this phenomenon may be that representatives of the aristocracy have ceased to consider themselves different, different from others, they now do not want to be removed from the realities of society. On the one hand, there is definitely a positive aspect: such confidence can put an end to the arrogance and arrogance of some arrogant monarchs, at the same time there is a danger for the monarchy as such. Lack of awareness of his own otherness makes the monarch think that he has nothing to do with what is associated with court life: in other words, he will believe that he is no different from a wealthy industrialist or world celebrity. Having studied this issue deeply, we can come to the conclusion that sometimes This phenomenon is explained by the changes that have occurred in the monarchical government itself. The new generation of royal offspring has virtually no knowledge of what values ​​their ancestors shared and what kind of life they led. That is why they do not understand who they are and why they occupy the highest position in their own countries.

Most people who consider themselves opponents of unequal marriages accuse commoners striving for the throne of sybaritism, self-interest, greed, vulgarity and other sins that until recently were considered absolutely unworthy of royalty. Are they so wrong? At the same time, we should not forget the other side of the issue, namely, those who are endowed with royal power. Yes, yes, princes and princesses by birth. If a young crown prince falls in love with a girl who is perceived by the court and society as poorly brought up, poorly educated and frivolous, who dresses in a way that does not befit a princess, it is worth thinking about his tastes and views on women in general. If he likes girls of this kind and endowed with similar “qualities,” perhaps he himself has at least some of them. In addition, if the crown prince or princess of the blood visits places where you can definitely meet a sufficient number of “vulgar” and “frivolous” people, they are likely to choose a corresponding lifestyle. So, the problem lies not only with the third estate, but also with those who are endowed with royal dignity by birth. And also, and obviously to a much greater extent, at the level of modern culture.

A striking example of this is the high-profile romance of Crown Prince Haakon of Norway, who fixed his august gaze on a simple girl. The choice of the prince caused a lot of noise. Young and handsome Haakon chose a girl with a “turbulent”, as she herself put it, past as his bride. In addition, she was married to a drug dealer, from whom she left a four-year-old son. Even for such a liberal country as N Norway, the reputation of the future queen turned out to be too scandalous, and Parliament was close to prohibiting the conclusion of this union. But it would be worth recalling under what circumstances the young crown prince and his future wife met: their meeting took place on beer festival in Kristiansand, during a grand rock concert. Note that in the modern world (especially after the Queen of Great Britain bestowed a knighthood on one of the Beatles) rock has become the main musical movement. The international establishment views rock musicians favorably and even promotes the spread of rock music. But hardly anyone will deny the fact that rock arose as a rebellious movement opposing traditional values ​​and aesthetic aspirations. At the same time, the monarchy is called upon to protect these values, because it itself is part of tradition. Most of the lyrics of rock compositions subvert the foundations of classical and folk culture. We may or may not like rock music in itself, but we must admit that this movement has declared itself an enemy of the main pillars of the monarchy - family, God and the state. And if the crown prince attends such concerts, he contradicts the essence of his status, forgetting that he is a representative of an ancient royal dynasty and the leader of the people whom he will soon rule. Of course, the crown prince should not be a reactionary, but he is still obliged to remain faithful to tradition, at least to some extent. Otherwise, his role becomes meaningless, for he is called upon to represent the “eternal values” of his people. We do not condemn rock music as such, but the tastes and preferences of the crown prince and why he took as his wife a person who is definitely “outside his circle.” The fact remains: Mette Marit is not at all like otherwise educated, religious romantic girl, and it doesn’t matter whether she belongs to the aristocracy or not. And that's the problem.

Another reason that gives rise to the problem of morganatic marriages is that many young monarchs attend public or private higher educational establishments, and often abroad. They find themselves among young people of very different backgrounds, communicate with them, and fall in love. Without aristocrats in this environment, without communicating with their equals, they choose ordinary people as partners. Moreover, almost everywhere they are in the company of ordinary people, and even if they meet young aristocrats, they find their company incredibly boring. I remember that in the turbulent 90s, the editors of Point de Vue magazine (a French publication that publishes articles about the royal houses of Europe) organized a summer cruise for young members of monarchical dynasties. An attempt to promote romantic relationships between young aristocrats failed miserably. Journalists at all costs wanted to connect the Spanish Prince Felipe and Tatiana of Liechtenstein, Victoria, a princess of blood from the Swedish royal family with the heir to the Dutch crown. When they realized that one of these young heirs to the throne would have to abdicate the crown, they considered the Norwegian princess Martha Louise an acceptable match for the Spanish prince. However, the young people wanted a more “spicy” relationship. The Prince of Asturias married a divorced television journalist who declared herself a “republican”, the heir to the Swedish crown is actively courted by a gymnastics coach and the owner of a sports complex named Daniel Westling, Prince Willem-Alexander chose as his companion an Argentinean, a graduate of the Faculty of Economics, who worked in a branch of Deutsche Bank in NYC. By the way, her father was a member of the Weidel government. The rosy-cheeked Princess Märtha Louise swapped romantic-style dresses for extravagant outfits and married the postmodernist writer Ari Behn, whose work can hardly be called classic. Princess Märtha Louise has particular views on religion, which may be quite natural for common man, but dangerous for the ruler, called to embody the eternal heritage of the nation, an element of which is religion.

Everyone has long known that a traditional marriage is a marriage in which the husband and wife not only live together, raise their children and have a common household, but also do not commit adultery towards each other. And it doesn’t matter whether such a marriage is registered or not. The main thing is that two people are satisfied with the form of existence in which they live. A happy marriage is a marriage where everyone is equally happy. But do these criteria apply to morganatic marriage? Let's try to figure it out.

First you need to find out what a Morganatic marriage is - this is a relationship between a man and a woman who have different things in which one of the spouses does not increase his low upon marriage.

There are a great many examples of such marriages. However, it is worth remembering that the concept of morganatic marriage applied only to the upper classes. So, for example, in Russia there was a Law on the Succession to the Throne of the Russian Empire, according to which a person who bore the imperial surname, upon entering into such a marriage, could no longer occupy the throne, just like all his descendants. An example of a morganatic marriage can be considered the wedding of Empress Catherine II with Adjutant General Potemkin in 1775, as well as the wedding of Emperor Alexander II and Yuryevskaya (Dolgorukova), which took place on July 6, 1880. But it was a long time ago.

IN modern world morganatic marriage is not that uncommon. Let us just remember Princess Sayako with the commoner Yoshiki Kuroda, which took place in 2005. The princess's punishment for her non-compliance with monarchical laws was the deprivation of her title of princess. Moreover, not only she, but also her children will no longer be able to sit in the imperial chair of Japan.

The concept of morganatic marriage first appeared in German-speaking countries and in the Russian Empire in the 17th and 19th centuries. At that time, noble persons and members of their families could only marry equal titled persons. If this did not happen, then they lost the right to inherit the throne. Many monarchs, in order to solve this problem, chose a person of equal kin as their wife, and signed the one who was dear to their hearts as their mistress. At that time, there was a ban on morganatic marriage as such, because it could lead to the destruction of the royal bloodline. This is exactly how, according to historians, the Romanov dynasty was destroyed.

But by the beginning of the twentieth century the situation had changed significantly. Thus, modern Europe, which has regulated this issue for many years, has repealed the law. Many direct heirs to the throne from Holland, Spain, Norway and Denmark have long been married to girls who do not have royal blood, but still their children will not suffer from this at all and will ascend the throne without any problems. But along with those who abandoned such a cruel law, there are also those who honor traditions and have preserved this legislation to this day. One of these countries is Sweden.

So why is it considered that it is very bad for a crown princess or prince to marry someone for whom you have real feelings, even though they do not have the “blue blood” of the aristocracy flowing in their veins? After all, first of all, happy marriages are spiritual marriages. Newlyweds should feel each other, love each other with all their hearts. Modern aristocrats no longer want to consider themselves different, they want to be like everyone else. But if you look at it from different angles, you can find both positive and negative aspects. Having entered into a morganatic marriage, many monarchs lose their arrogance and arrogance. But along with this, the problem of the disappearance of the monarchy as such appears. Newly-made offspring do not want to follow what was so close to their ancestors. They just dream of being like other ordinary people. Whether this is right or wrong - time will judge. But there are still individuals royal blood they try to get as close as possible to ordinary people and, having met a beautiful, well-mannered, but not “blue blood” girl, without hesitation, they surrender to their feelings.

• - a historically conditioned, sanctioned and regulated by society form of relations between a man and a woman, defining their rights and responsibilities in relation to each other and to children...

  Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - a marriage of a person of a royal family with a person of a non-royal family, which does not give the right of succession to the throne: ஐ “Mastozymaza strangled her sleeping husband and entered into a morganatic marriage with me”...

  Lem's World - Dictionary and Guide

• - ...

  Sexological encyclopedia

• - the name of the marriage of a high-ranking person with a lower-ranking person; The exact origin of the name is unknown: perhaps from Gothic. maurgjan - "to limit" or from "Morgengabe" ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - an unequal marriage, in which the wife does not enjoy the class privileges of her husband, and the children do not enjoy the father. Example M. b. - marriage of a person belonging to the royal family with a woman of a non-royal family. M. b. Not...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - MORGANATIC marriage - a marriage entered into by a member of the royal family with a person of non-royal origin...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - MORGANATIC, morganatic, morganatic...

  Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - morganatic adj. 1. Prisoner of a member of the royal, royal, etc. families with the face of a non-royal, non-royal, etc. origin and does not give rights of succession to the throne and other privileges. 2...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

• - morganat "...

  Russian spelling dictionary

• - Morganatic marriage. Wed. Marriage from the left side: the wife of a lower status compared to the husband and the children from this marriage are not given the name and rights of the father...

  Mikhelson Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (orig. orf.)

• - ...

  Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

• - MORGANATIC oh, oh. morganatique adj. ♦ M. marriage. Marriage of a member of the reigning house with a person from a non-royal family, which does not give the right of succession to the throne. BAS-1...

  Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

• - secret marriage Wed. Marriage on the left side: the wife of lower status against the husband and the children of this marriage are not given the name and rights of the father. Wed. Do you know who that fat girl is, sitting in the corner and eating a bun.....

  Mikhelson Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary

• - morganatic, morganatic. Adj., by meaning associated with a marriage between a member of the royal house and a woman of a non-royal family, which is not officially recognized and does not give the rights of a husband to either his wife or children...
• - A marriage between a sovereign or prince of the blood and a subject of one of the states, who is not granted the rights of a legal spouse, and the children are not given the rights to inheritance and the throne...

  Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

• - ...

  Word forms

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