Jewelry design. The main advantages of modern implants

CLASSIFICATION AND ASSORTMENT

JEWELRY

Jewelry classification

The main feature of the classification of jewelry products is the purpose of a particular type of jewelry; additional features include methods of finishing the product, its design features, and the material from which it is made.

According to their purpose, jewelry products are classified into groups, subgroups and types.

All jewelry products can be divided into the following groups: jewelry for women, toiletry items, room decoration items, table setting items, watches and watch accessories, smoking items, souvenirs. Each group consists of several subgroups. Thus, the group of jewelry for women is classified into 12 subgroups: bracelets, necklaces, brooches, medallions, chains, beads, necklaces, earrings, buckles, pendants, rings, sets.

One subgroup also differs from the other in the purpose of the products included in it. For example, the subgroup of rings in the group of jewelry for women includes items worn on the fingers; in the subgroup of earrings - products that are worn in the ears; in the subgroup of beads, necklaces, chains - items worn around the neck, etc.

Each subgroup consists of species. A type is a piece of jewelry of one style, made of a certain material and having an independent article number. The number of types of jewelry amounts to thousands of items.

The general classification of jewelry products is presented in the diagram (Fig. 8).

According to the nature of the external decoration, jewelry for women (rings, brooches, earrings, bracelets, etc.) are further classified into: smooth; with various types of artistic processing without stones and other inserts; with various types of artistic processing with stones and inserts from other materials.

Smooth products can be solid or hollow. Hollow products, while maintaining the basic shape (for example, rings), usually cost less, since less material is spent on them.

Products with various types of artistic processing without stones are characterized by the use of such technological processing methods as engraving, stamping with a pattern, application of niello, enamel, and filigree. The same products with stones pass the above technological processes processing, but using all kinds of stones: precious, semi-precious, ornamental, synthetic, glass, plastic inserts and other materials.

Sometimes one product combines different artistic techniques processing, such as filigree with an enamel pattern, artistic engraving of details, niello and Dagestan embossing, etc.

According to the material used, jewelry can be classified into products made from gold, silver, platinum, palladium, combinations of these precious metals, anodized aluminum, cupronickel, brass, cast iron, bone and horn, papier-mâché, stone and other materials.

According to the design of the product, they are distinguished as follows: earrings - for pierced and non-pierced ears, each of these groups in turn is divided into movable, semi-movable and fixed earrings; powder compacts - bag and table, etc.

The proposed classification of jewelry products has been recently developed. The introduction of this classification allows for the specialization of product groups in jewelry stores and bases according to the main consumer characteristic, making it easier for customers to choose the right products and thereby promoting

increase turnover, help merchandisers and sellers study the range of jewelry products. In addition, the introduction of the developed classification causes a fundamental change in the accepted procedure for placing an assortment of jewelry products in jewelry stores, bases and warehouses. Nowadays, product sections in many jewelry stores are organized randomly; The main one is the material from which the product is made. Since most jewelry products are made from a variety of materials, each section is actually universal in its range, which is extremely inconvenient for a buyer who comes to the store to buy a specific item.

Jewelry assortment

JEWELRY FOR WOMEN

These products are made from precious and base metals and other materials (bone, precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones and etc.). Products of this group made of base metals are commonly called jewelry and metal haberdashery in trade.

Earrings. From time immemorial, earrings have been one of the most beloved and widespread jewelry of women and girls. They were an integral and one of the main decorative details of women's clothing. From literary sources it is known, for example, that in the 16th century. It was almost impossible to meet a single woman, girl, or even girl whose ears were not adorned with earrings.

Before the invention of clip-on locks, earrings were made, as a rule, from precious metals - gold, silver and their alloys, which are not subject to oxidation. The appearance of clips made it possible to produce earrings not only from precious, but also from non-ferrous metals and their alloys (copper, brass, tombac, aluminum), processed accordingly - gold-plated, silver-plated, anodized, etc.

Earrings consist of a base (frame), a frame for a stone (caste), a bezel for the frame, overlays, pendants and a lock (Fig. 9). The base can be with a stamped, embossed or engraved pattern, smooth or with places for setting precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones, stamped and faceted glass, inserts made of plastic, enamel, bone, etc. There can be one or more frames for the stone (castes) ; various configurations and heights. Overlays can be smooth, embossed, stamped, filigree, of various shapes and sizes. Pendants are distinguished by shape and size.

Locks can be of different designs (Fig. 10): for pierced ears - complex, on hooks with a latch and free, on hooks with a loop, in the form of a bracket on a hinge, a screw with a nut; for unpierced ears - complex - in the form of a clamping screw

and a clip. A clamping screw is a design in which the main part of the earring—its frame—is back side It does not have a welt, but a blind solder with a platform adjacent to the front side of the earlobe. A bow is soldered to the frame; at its upper free end there is a miniature pin into which a screw rod is inserted. At the end of the rod there is a hemispherical cap, which, when screwed, tightly clamps the lobe between the free end of the bow and the solder joint of the earring frame.

The clip has the appearance of a latch, which, thanks to a spring device, tightly presses the earring to the earlobe, covering it from below. Clips come in a variety of configurations. Depending on the nature of the finish, there are smooth earrings with various types of artistic processing without stones and other inserts; with various types of artistic processing with stones and inserts from other materials. Depending on the design of the lock, earrings are

for pierced and unpierced ears, as well as fixed, semi-movable and movable.

The most widespread earrings are rolls, balls, hemispheres, hearts (hollow), gypsy (flat engraved), snake, knot, barrel, trefoil, asterisk

Earrings arrive at. sale and as independent jewelry as part of sets, which include, in addition to earrings, a brooch, pendant, necklace, ring, bracelet, various combinations. In this case, the earrings are designed in the same artistic and decorative style with the rest of the items included in the set.

Rings. The materials for making rings are: alloys of gold and silver, brass and other alloys; precious, semi-precious stones of various shapes and cuts, cut glass with and without amalgam, stamped stones without facets (cabochons), different colors, sizes and various cut shapes. Rings can be smooth or with various inserts made of precious, semi-precious stones, glass, plastic, etc. (Fig. 11).

The ring, depending on the shape and style, consists of the following parts (Fig. 12): a rim (shank), a frame for the stone (caste), a welt for the frame, overlays and a stone (insert).

The rim (shank) can be solid or hollow with a cross-section of different shapes: round, semicircular, rectangular, etc. On the outside, the rim can be smooth, with a chased or engraved pattern, with enamel, places for fastening

precious and semi-precious stones, stamped and cut glass, inserts made of plastic, amber, bone, etc.; the frame for the stone (castes) can be one or several, of various shapes, configurations and heights; welt for the frame - various shapes and sizes; overlays - smooth, embossed or engraved, stamped, filigree with places for attaching stones or glass of various shapes and sizes. Silver and base rings

valuable metals are in most cases coated with gold (gilded). The surface of the ring, in addition to gilding, can be subjected to oxidation or chemical coloring to match the color of gold and other colors.

During the manufacturing process, the rings are finished: ground, polished, and given a matte finish.

Rings with stones and inserts of other materials make up the most common and most diverse group of jewelry. Platinum is used as a setting for diamond rings. Against the background of platinum, diamonds have no yellow tint, which they receive against a background of gold; sometimes platinum is replaced with white gold. All types of natural precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones, synthetic stones, glass, etc. are used as inserts.

Ring sizes are determined by the ring shank diameter or number. Rings are produced in the following sizes (numbers, mm):

13 16 19 22 13,5 16,5 19,5 22,5

14 17 20 23 14,5 17,5 20,5 23,5

15 18 21 24 15,5 18,5 21,5 25

When selecting a ring, they either directly try it on the buyer’s finger or first set the desired size using a ring gauge (finger rings), and then select the ring of the desired size (Fig. 13). For convenience and quick selection of the ring of the required size, the number (size) of the ring is indicated on the bottom of the label.

Brooches. The brooch consists of a base, a frame for stones, overlays, figured wire parts, a pin and a lock (Fig. 14).

The base of the brooch can be smooth, filigree, in the form of a rim for a large stone, cameo or plastic insert, embossed, engraved, stamped with all kinds of holes or slots, with a filigree applied pattern, enamel, mosaic, etc.

The setting for the stone can be one or several, of various shapes and sizes. Overlays can be smooth, embossed or engraved, filigree, of various shapes and sizes.

Brooches can have a complex lock with or without a safety lock, or a wire lock in the form of a hook.

There are three types of locks for brooches (Fig. 15): ramrod, hinged, protecting against self-opening of pins and injections, and hook, with a spring pin.

A special type is a clip lock, which replaces a pin and is a spring clamp.

The materials for the metal part of the brooch are: gold, silver, brass, copper and other metals.

Brooches are also gilded. The shape of the brooch is determined by the artistic composition. The simplest shapes of brooches are round or oval.

Depending on the nature of the processing, brooches are distinguished as smooth, openwork, enamel, cameos, etc. (Fig. 16).

Smooth brooches are produced with various types of artistic processing without stones and other inserts, as well as with stones and inserts from other materials.

Openwork brooches are made from metal, bone, plastic, etc. Metal openwork brooches are produced by stamping

or by cutting out openwork, as well as filigree techniques; brooches made of bone, plastic and other ornamental materials - by carving and sawing openwork patterns.

Enamel brooches, depending on the technique of applying the enamel, are divided into brooches with painted enamel, with transparent translucent enamel, with cloisonné or champlevé.

Cameo brooches are bas-reliefs mainly depicting female heads. Cameos are cut by hand using special tools from stones of various types. Cameos are also made with pasted images. The setting for the stones is usually made of gold, silver or gilded brass in the form of a rim with a hinged pin. The cameos are secured in the rim with a blind setting. In some cases, the headbands are decorated precious stones, pearls, filigree, etc.

Beads. Beads consist of beads, intermediate links, a lock and thread.

Beads can be various sizes(one or different, gradually decreasing from the middle part in both directions towards constipation), shapes (round, oval, barrel-shaped, lamellar, curly), one or more colors. The surface of the beads can be smooth or with a pattern applied. Intermediate links are used to connect the thread to the lock. A lock fuse is a part that complements the lock and protects it from self-opening.

Beads are made from precious and base metals, various stones (pearls, amber, rock crystal, etc.), glass and plastic, bone, porcelain and other materials. Stamped, engraved designs applied to silver beads can be oxidized, chemically painted, gilded, filled with niello, or enamel.

Beads with through holes are strung on a thread made of nylon or silk, and solid beads without holes are connected with wire hooks.

Beads are distinguished by length: long (woven over the head) and short (in one or several threads, with a lock).

Monolithic beads made of glass, smalt, rock crystal, agate and semi-precious stones are made smooth or faceted. Holes in the beads are drilled with special drills.

Pearl beads are made from natural pearls(Kafim, oriental, river, etc.) and its imitations. Usually, pearls of the same shape are selected for one thread.

Amber beads consist of beads with a polished surface, spherical, oval or multifaceted, from raw amber of various shapes.

Bone, agate and wooden beads are turned on machines and are often decorated with carvings. Bone beads are made from mammoth, ivory, walrus and other bones; wooden beads - made of hard valuable species: ebony, boxwood, etc.

Plastic beads usually imitate amber, coral, bone and other beads.

Metal beads are hollow, openwork, etc. Metal beads are often covered with ornaments with decorative trim, electroplated with gold or silver. Openwork beads use filigree or stamping techniques and gold and silver finishing.

A necklace is a neck decoration whose parts are similar in size and design and are evenly distributed on the chain.

Necklace. A necklace differs from beads in that it has a larger decorative part in the center, ending on the sides with pieces of a thin chain that encircles the neck.

Necklaces are made from precious and base metals, decorated with inserts of precious, semi-precious and ornamental stones, bones and materials that imitate precious stones (glass, plastics, etc.). Individual elements of the necklace can be of various shapes and decorative finishes.

In the central part there are usually larger stones, inserted into an artistic frame, or suspended on chains in the form of pendants. The necklace is fastened with a lock, often decorated with stones.

Medallions and pendants. The medallion is used for decoration, as well as for inserting photo miniatures or any other souvenirs into it (Fig. 17).

The pendant consists of a base, a ring attachment of the pendant to the chain, a pendant and a chain.

The base can be of various configurations, stamped, with a chased or engraved pattern, smooth or with places for fastening

overlays, inserts, pendants made of metal, stones, bone, mother-of-pearl, pendants with enamel, etc.

Pendants can be of different shapes and sizes (Fig. 18); for pendants, pearls, cameos made of corals, semi-precious stones and shells, miniatures on porcelain, bone, metal, round or oval plates with a relief or enamel image are often used.

Pendants come with various types of artistic processing (engraving, blackening, enamel, filigree, etc.) without stones and other inserts, with stones and inserts from other materials.

Chains. Depending on their purpose, chains consist of links of various shapes and sizes, a lock of different designs and a winding ring. Based on the type of links, armored, anchor, twisted, and fancy chains are distinguished; by purpose - side, lapel, wicker for pocket watches, pendants and medallions (neck).

Chains are made from gold, silver, brass and aluminum. Assembled chains made of silver and brass are electrolytically coated with gold or silver.

Anchor chains are products in which the links are located in mutually perpendicular planes.

Armor chains consist of links made not of round wire, but in the shape of an oval, slightly curved in space in the form of an unfinished figure eight.

Fancy chains, such as the foxtail chain, a complex, extremely elastic chain constructed from long double rings folded in half and threaded through each other. In cross-section, such a chain has a tetrahedral shape.

Pendant and medallion chains can be an independent decoration and serve for hanging a pendant, medallion, central part of a necklace, pendants, etc.

They also produce gold pendant chains, the so-called “gossamer” chains, the weight of which with a length of 460 mm barely reaches 1.5— 2 years

Some chains (platinum, gold, silver and some copper), made by hand or on machines, are assembled from soldered links. For chains made of tombac and aluminum produced on special chain machines, the links remain unsoldered.

Chains are usually fastened with specially designed clasps - a springel, a winding ring or a hook with a carabiner. In some cases, chains made of precious metals and used for hanging expensive, artistically executed pendants, medallions, etc., have artistically designed locks - with engraving, relief pattern, with some kind of colored insert set into it - stone or glass.

Headsets. An elegant decoration for women are sets, the individual items of which are made in the same artistic style. The set can consist of various types, for example, earrings and a ring; brooches, earrings and rings; bracelet and necklace; bracelet, pendant, ring and earrings.

Bracelets. Bracelets are selected according to the size of the hand. The bracelet consists of links, a lock with a figure eight or chain safety lock and hinges.

The bracelet link is stamped or handcrafted into various shapes and sizes. It may consist of several lugs connected by pins, depending on the width of the bracelet and the design. The surface of the ears can be smooth or patterned, with enamel or stones. The links can be connected with a pin or a chain (ring to ring).

The lock has a figure-of-eight fuse - a part that protects it from self-opening. The most commonly used are so-called schnapper type locks. The fuse in them is either a small chain, soldered at the ends to the two edges of the bracelet at the lock so that a hand fits into the open bracelet, or a so-called figure of eight wire, which is attached on a hinge to one end of the bracelet.

Bracelets (Fig. 19) are: hard (of two halves), soft (of links), with stones and inserts from other materials, hollow, filigree, armored, anchor and other fancy styles, as well as with enamel.

Rigid bracelets are closed, springy and hinged. In cross-section they have a round, twisted, rectangular or other shape. A special type of closed bracelets is made from silver or gold-plated wire; in this case, the kit includes several rings. Spring bracelets,

or wrists, are a cut ring made of an elastic strip of metal or a springy coil of several turns - a snake. Hinge bracelets consist of two halves connected by a hinge; They are most often made from hollow metal - blown. Closed and springy metal bracelets are usually polished, engraved or plated with gold, silver and niello.

Soft bracelets are divided into glider, chain and wicker. Glider bracelets consist of individual links - gliders, sometimes decorated with stones, amber or other ornamental materials, as well as enamel, niello, etc. The connection of gliders is of two types: hinged and springy, the latter ensures that the bracelet stretches in length. In some bracelets, the gliders are connected with an elastic band.

Chain bracelets consist of individual rings (links) different shapes, depending on the artistic composition of the bracelet. Links are either wire or stamped from sheet metal. Chain bracelets are divided into armored bracelets, which are the most common, anchor bracelets, etc. In armored bracelets, the shape of the links is oval, the links in places of greater curvature are inverted. The links of armor bracelets are made blown, usually from gold, silver or oxidized aluminum.

Woven bracelets are particularly elastic. They are made from individual gold wires on special machines or devices.

TOILET ITEMS

The range of toiletry items includes powder compacts, perfume bottles, handbags, caskets and boxes, mirrors in enamel frames, toiletries, pins for hats and ties, cufflinks and tie clips (cufflinks, pins and tie clips are used mainly as men's toiletry items ).

Powder compacts. Powder compacts consist of a body, a hinge, a welt, a mirror, a frame or latch, a mesh and a fluff.

The powder compact body consists of two lids connected by a hinge. The case can be with a stamped or engraved pattern, smooth or with places for fastening inserts, round, oval, square, rectangular or figured. The hinge is made with a spring and without a spring.

The mirror is mounted in the frame of the top cover, the welt is in the bottom cover of the powder compact, it secures the lids of the closed powder compact and keeps the powder from spilling out. A mesh stretched over the frame is inserted into the bottom cover and protects the powder from falling out. The lock ensures tight closure of the compact lids and protects them from self-opening.

Powder boxes are made from silver, brass, cupronickel, anodized aluminum, plastic, semi-precious stone, porcelain, crystal, papier-mâché and bone.

Depending on the nature of processing, powder compacts are: smooth, with various types of artistic processing without inserts and with inserts; depending on the place of use - bag and table. Tabletop powder compacts are made not only from metal, but also from porcelain, earthenware, crystal, glass, carved varnish, papier-mâché and other materials.

Perfume bottles. The bottles consist of a body, lug stopper and chain, intermediate link and ring.

Housings come in various shapes and sizes and consist of two halves welded together. The case can be with an engraved, relief or stamped design, with niello and enamel; a threaded plug closes the case hermetically, the ears are soldered to the case and serve to fasten the chain.

A chain of various shapes and sizes is connected by an intermediate link to a ring, which serves to hang the bottle (Fig. 20).

Perfume bottles are divided into table-top and bag-type bottles. Tabletop bottles are made mainly from crystal or glass; handbags - made of different metals: silver, brass, tombac, etc. with various decorative finishes.

Caskets and boxes. Caskets and boxes are used for storage jewelry, powder, lipstick, cufflinks, etc.

Boxes and boxes made of papier-mâché with lacquer painting, silver or brass, with enamel, stone-cutting, and artistic cast iron are distinguished by their particular elegance. Round jasper toilet boxes often have relief decorations in the form of a cluster of berries on the lid.

Toilet fixtures. Toiletries made of silver, as well as varnished wood, are imported from Vietnam. The silver toiletry consists of a box containing a mirror, a brush and a bone comb; varnish - from a box, powder compact, brush and bone comb. Silver devices are decorated with embossing or engraving, lacquer ones with mother-of-pearl and painting.

Pins for hats. These pins are a pointed metal rod with a head made of various materials. Some pins have a safety that fits over the point. The rod has a length of up to 100 mm, one of its ends is tightly attached to the head, the other, pointed, sometimes has a thread for a fuse. Pins are made from steel, brass or silver wire. Silver and brass pins are often plated with gold. The rod must be elastic, the tip must have the shape of a regular cone and be sharp enough.

Tie clips and pins. Tie clips are made from precious and non-precious metals with various types of artistic processing, sometimes decorated with inserts of various faceted natural or artificial stones.

Tie pins are a good addition to the predominantly men's toilet; they are used instead of clips. They are usually made with a head made of various natural or artificial faceted stones.

Cufflinks. Cufflinks are made from precious and base metals. Cufflinks can be smooth, with various coatings and inserts.

A cuff cufflink consists of a rosette, or frame, a bridge, a stand or chain, a hinge, a hook, and a spring.

A shuttle is a part for threading the cufflink into the cuff loop and locking the cufflink into the cuff; the spring must ensure rotation of the shuttle and keep it in the closed position.

Cufflinks can be double-sided or in the form of a head with shuttles. Double-sided cuff cufflinks have posts on both ends similar to the shape of the head. One head is soldered tightly, the other is made bendable. It comes with a spring latch or on a chain, on a bending leg, on a hinge or a button.

Cuff cufflinks are finished with enamel, gilding, silvering, oxidation, etc. Depending on the nature of the finishing, cufflinks are: smooth, with artistic decoration without inserts or with inserts.

ITEMS FOR ROOM DECORATION

The range of items for decorating a room is very large. This includes: flower vases (made of crystal framed in silver and other non-ferrous metals, made of non-ferrous metals with cloisonné enamel, made of ornamental stone), small sculptures, caskets, caskets, wall decorations with mother-of-pearl, lamps made of ivory, stone and other products made of ornamental stones.

The main group of assortment for decorating a room consists of artistic stone-cutting and bone-carving products, artistic cast-iron castings, metal products with cloisonné and smooth enamel, crystal in silver and cupronickel silver-plated frames.

Artistic stone-cutting products. These products are made from ornamental stones, which are divided into hard, medium-hard and soft (see page 36).

Flower vases, caskets, caskets, and small sculptures (a stone flower, a currant branch, based on Bazhov’s fairy tales, etc.) are made from ornamental hard and soft stones.

Artistic iron casting. Specific to Kasli casting is a matte surface of deep black color, which clearly reveals the silhouette in solid compositions and emphasizes the design in openwork sculptures.

The themes of the products produced at the Kasli and Kusinsky factories are the same, but the quality of the Kusinsky casting is lower than that of the Kaslinsky; The finish of the Kasli casting is velvety, while that of the Kusin casting is shiny.

Various figurines are produced using the method of artistic cast iron casting (Mistress of the Copper Mountain, Yuri Dolgoruky, Ermak).

Artwork made of bone. A wonderful decoration of the room is a variety of bone carvings, individual and group figurines of animals, birds, fish, flowers, a team of deer, dogs, ivory figurines, etc.

Lacquer art products. Lacquer papier-mâché products with artistic miniature paintings, produced in our villages of Palekh, Mstera, Kholuya, and Fedoskino, are well-deservedly famous not only in the USSR, but also in many other countries. The range of these products is very diverse: boxes of various sizes used for storing jewelry and other toiletries, powder compacts, cigarette cases, writing instruments, etc. These products are always successfully demonstrated at international exhibitions in which the USSR participates.

The creativity of the masters of Palekh, Mstera and Kholui takes its origins from icon painting. In their miniatures, the depiction of the landscape is somewhat conventional; the proportions of elongated human figures are distinguished by sophistication and sophistication.

The miniaturists of the village of Fedoskina love to copy the works of major Russian artists: Shishkin, Repin, Surikoz, Perov, Vasnetsov, etc.; works of contemporary Soviet artists are translated into miniatures: A. Gerasimov, Sokolov-Skal, Kulikov and others. But copies of the Fedoskinets are not only a blind copying in a reduced form of this or that painting. When copying, the master always brings his own to the miniature: sometimes, when the size of the thing requires it, he partially modifies the composition of the drawing, sometimes he changes the tones of the original or introduces new details into the composition. Thus, the unwritten laws of miniature are observed. Fedoskina's artists are also great masters of original creative compositions on various topics.

ITEMS FOR TABLE SERVING

The materials used to make these products are silver, cupronickel, gold (for gilding), crystal, enamels and varnishes.

According to the nature of the finish, products in this group are divided into smooth, with an engraved pattern, with niello, enamel (enamel-filigree and press-filigree), and with miniature painting.

The range of these products includes: spoons, knives, forks, glass holders, cups, tea and coffee sets, wine utensils, shot glasses, glasses, glasses, glasses, fruit vases, teapots, sugar scoops and tongs, cake spatulas, etc.

Items for table setting are sold not only one piece at a time, but also in sets of one name, for example, sets of spoons for 3, 6, 12 people, and of different names, for example, sets consisting of a knife, fork and spoon for 3, 6, 12 person, etc. Such sets are sold in specially made cases.

Products made from cupronickel are covered with a continuous layer of silver; the inner surface of the product can be coated with gold. The silver-plated surface can be matte, polished or brushed, the gilded surface can be polished or brushed.

The relief stamped designs are oxidized and cleaned to a light tone, the engraved designs are gilded. The thickness of the silvering layer of various products is approximately from 10 to 25 mk. If a product made of cupronickel is gilded, then before gilding a layer of silver from 7 to 10 is applied to it mk, thanks to which the product lasts for many years.

Spoons. All kinds of spoons related to jewelry are made from 875 silver or cupronickel with subsequent silver plating. They can be solidly stamped or soldered. The spoon consists of a head and a handle.

The head of the spoon can be round, oval, oval-blunted, of various sizes; on the inside it can be covered with gold.

The handle can be flat, round, twisted, with various engraved or stamped designs and covered with enamel or niello. The handle of the spoon, which has a relief pattern, is usually finished with oxidation; the surfaces free from the pattern are matted.

According to their purpose, spoons (Fig. 21) are divided into table spoons, dessert spoons, tea spoons, salt spoons, pouring spoons, tea spoons, jam spoons, children's spoons and coffee spoons.

Forks. The materials for making forks are silver, gold (for gilding), cupronickel, enamel and niello.

Forks can be one-piece stamped or composite. The main parts of the fork are the horns and the handle. The handle can be solid or hollow, in shape and finish - flat, round, twisted, with various engraved or stamped patterns, enamel, etc. Horns can be made of the same metal as the handle, or embedded in handles made of silver, cupronickel or other metal or material (bone, horn, plastic, wood).

Forks are divided into table forks, dessert forks, children's forks, fruit forks, and forks for special purposes (for fish, meat, etc.).

Knives. Knives are made from stainless steel, silver, cupronickel and other metals and materials. As a rule, stainless steel blades are inserted into handles made of silver, cupronickel, etc.

Knife handles can be smooth or finished with engraving, chasing, stamped or nielloed designs, as well as with enamel or oxidation. Pattern-free surfaces can be matted.

The range of knives is varied: they produce table knives, dessert knives, fruit knives, for bread, cutting roasts, cheese, spreading butter and caviar, etc.

Cup holders. To make glass holders, silver, tombac, cupronickel followed by silvering, enamel of various colors and shades, aluminum followed by anodizing and painting in gold color are used. The cup holder consists of a body, a tray and a handle.

The body must have the correct cylindrical shape, the internal size must correspond to a standard glass blown cup. The body can be with an engraved design, openwork cutouts, with a relief stamped design, with niello and enamel. The inner surface of all cup holders is gold-plated, polished or matte, the outer surface is matte.

Coasters made from tombac are made gilded, from cupronickel - silvered and gilded, from silver - gilded inside.

Relief stamped designs on the body and handle of silver (or silver-plated) cup holders are oxidized.

Tea and coffee sets, cups With saucers. Tea and coffee enamel and filigree sets for 1, 2, 6, 12 people are distinguished by great artistic skill. A tea set for two people consists of a glass holder, a cup and saucer, a sugar bowl, two rosettes, two teaspoons, a tea strainer and a lemon fork. Several designs for the services and enamel colors were approved. Individual cups and saucers with beautiful engraved designs are made mainly in Tallinn.

Table setting items also include cutlery, sugar bowls, candy bowls, salad bowls, coffee pots, milk jugs, etc. (Fig. 22).

Wine utensils, shot glasses, glasses, glasses. These products, unlike ordinary ones, are mostly bought as gifts in special cases. The materials used for their manufacture are silver, tombak, and gold (for gilding). Stacks, as a rule, have the shape of a regular truncated cone.

The wine device consists of a decanter, six glasses or shot glasses and a tray. Engraved drawings on the body of the decanters, tray,

stacks, glasses are gilded, oxidized, filled with niello; stamped designs - oxidized or filled with enamel.

External surfaces can be painted and artistic enamel, press filigree and enamel, with applied filigree and enamel; the internal surfaces are gilded.

Products made of crystal (lead glass) in silver or silver-plated cupronickel frame. These products (Fig. 23) serve not only for table setting, but also for decorating the room.

Crystal products in a silver frame consist of a blown crystal body and a silver (or cupronickel silver plated) frame.

Crystal cases and frames can have different shapes, styles and patterns. The outer surface of the frame can be smooth or with a chased, stamped, engraved or oxidized design.

Crystal cases used for reinforcement are finished with a diamond cut. Diamond face patterns are classified by numbers. The number of the diamond facet characterizes the degree of complexity of the depicted pattern: the higher the number of the diamond facet, the more complex the design.

Vases for flowers, sweets, and jam are made from crystal in a silver frame; salad bowls, salt shakers, wine and water decanters, ashtrays, etc. The bottom of the products must be flat. Crystal stoppers for decanters should be tightly ground to the neck of the decanter and not wobble.

WATCHES AND WATCH ACCESSORIES

The range of this group includes watches in cases made of precious metals with or without precious stones (see section “Watches”), bracelets and bead chains.

Watch bracelets. Watch bracelets (see Fig. 19) consist of the following main parts: clasps and links (gliders), stretchers in the middle or at the ends, or entirely of stretchers and a lock with a safety lock.

By design, the fastener can be in the form of two, three, four hooks (carabiners) soldered to a plate, in the form of a half-tube, hinged on a pin, or plate-shaped. Links (gliders) consist of several ears (depending on the width of the bracelet) connected by pins. The surface of the ears can be smooth or with a pattern. The lock safety (figure eight) complements the lock and protects it from opening. The hinge joint provides a movable and durable connection between the links and braces.

By shape, watch bracelets are distinguished with rectangular links, square, oval, shaped, in the form of an otlet (ribbon braided with wire), fancy, braided with stretch.

As a rule, watch bracelets are always soft, flexible, from a stretchable chain assembled from figured links with springs, and braided, consisting of two halves, each of which is equipped with a part of the lock. Recently, they began to produce bracelets with two hard spring halves (the so-called “crab”). They are attached to the watch with hook carabiners with a spring or tubular clips. Bracelets with carabiners are easy to put on and take off from watch lugs, and those with tubular clips are firmly secured. In most cases, braided watch bracelets are equipped with a movable lock, which serves to adjust the length of the bracelet and fix it on the hand.

The decorative finishing of chain and woven bracelets is distinguished by rigor and simplicity. Braided brass bracelets are chrome plated and then polished; Brass bracelets can be gilded or ungilded.

All styles of watch bracelets are approved by the artistic and technical council of NIIchasprom.

Side chains. These chains are used to attach the pocket watch to clothing (to the side of the vest). At one end of the bead chain there is a locking device, usually a carabiner hook, that is threaded through the lug of the watch. The other end of the chain ends with a special large springel, through which the chain is attached to the side of the vest.

The length of all side chains is the same (300 mm), the thickness varies. The dimensions of the side chains in the cross section do not have large fluctuations (from 4 to 6 mm).

WRITING SUPPLIES

Writing instruments with artistic decoration made of ornamental stone, silver or base metal include stands for pens, paperweights, glasses for pencils, fountain pens, pads and notepads with inlays and overlays, and leaf cutter knives. Below is a description of some items related to writing instruments.

Leaf cutter knives made mainly from plastic or bone. Two artistic overlays are sometimes attached to the handle of the knife. The surface of the knife blade can be smooth or patterned; the handle should fit the knife blade and be comfortable.

Metal overlays can be smooth, with an engraved, stamped niello or enamel pattern (with applied filigree or press filigree), solid, with all kinds of slots and holes.

Notepadsconsist consisting of a base, a lid, an inscription plate and a removable notepad. Such notebooks are used as gifts.

The base and lid can be covered with leather, lederin and other material. The plate, made of silver or base metal and attached to the lid, can be smooth, engraved, stamped with a niello pattern, or with an enamel pattern. The surface of the plate should not have marks, scratches or metal defects, its edges should not end with sharp edges or burrs.

The base and the lid should fit tightly to one another, both without a notebook and with an inserted notebook, and the leather or ice cream that is used to cover the base and lid should fit tightly to the walls and have no un-glued areas or traces of glue on the surface.

blotters just like notebooks, they are primarily gift items.

The blotter consists of a base, a lid, a cardboard insert with blotting paper, inscription plates and 4 legs (protrusions). The base and cover on the outside can be covered with leather or some other material. On the inside of the base and lid there are cardboard pockets, lined with silk on the front side and white paper on the inside. The cardboard insert is also covered with silk on the outside and paper on the inside. Blotting paper is inserted inside the cardboard insert. A silver or base metal plate attached to the lid can be smooth, with an engraved, stamped pattern, a niello pattern, or with enamel.

SMOKING ITEMS

Smoking items include: cigarette cases, portable tobacco, cigarette holders, ashtrays; lighters, match holders, smoking utensils, mouthpieces, boxes (for tobacco products).

Cigarette cases. To make cigarette cases, gold, silver, brass, aluminum, cupronickel, plastic, ornamental stones, glass, etc. are used. Beautiful cigarette cases are made from ornamental stone, precious wood, plastic and anodically oxidized aluminum painted the color of gold. The lids of the cigarette case are connected by a hinge on the axis and a lock. The cigarette case is closed using a lock placed inside and activated by pressing the insert connected to the lock. Inside the lids, rubber bands are attached to the ears, one of which is fixed in the upper part of the lower lid, the other in the lower part of the upper lid, or vice versa. Rubber bands hold the cigarettes in the cigarette case; for the same purpose, a device in the form of a spring plate - a clamp - is used. The lock springs in the hinge are flat; they must be elastic and reliably return the frame after pressing it and open the lid of the cigarette case.

Based on the nature of processing, cigarette cases are divided into stamped, engraved, enamel, niello, filigree, anodized and gold-colored.

The engraved or etched design of the top cover of the cigarette case must be finished with gilding and oxidation, and the relief stamped design must be finished with oxidation. The outer part of the lower lid of the cigarette case is matte, the inner surface of the lids and the surface of the brass parts are electrolytically gold-plated.

They also produce cigarette cases with lighters built into them.

Portable tobacco and cigarette holders. Portable tobacco bags and cigarette holders are mainly made from the same materials as cigarette cases and, accordingly, with the same type of processing.

Ashtrays. Ashtrays come in a variety of materials. Particularly beautiful is the assortment of ashtrays made of ornamental stones (eagle, jasper, etc.), made from a single piece of rock, with inserts (patterned stone) - a parachute ashtray, carved in the shape of a shell.

Ashtrays are also made from bone, using artistic cast iron (firewood, basket, boot, grape branch, etc.), from crystal with or without a frame, from various metals with artistic decoration.

Mouthpieces and match holders. Mouthpieces are made from silver, amber and bone.

Match holders serve as a case for a box of matches. They are desktop and pocket-sized. They are usually made from base metals with finishing: enamel, engraving, oxidation, painting in the color of gold and silver (anodized).

Smoking devices. Smoking devices as gift assortment are imported from Vietnam. They come in silver and lacquer. The silver smoking device includes: a cigarette holder, ashtrays (with porcelain insert) and a mouthpiece.

A lacquer smoking utensil consists of five items (a tray, an ashtray, a cigarette holder, two match holders, one of which is for used matches, or three items (a cigarette holder, an ashtray and a tray). Lacquer utensils can be inlaid with mother-of-pearl.

SOUVENIRS

A souvenir is a product that is purchased in memory of an event or a visit to a place (city, monument, etc.).

The range of souvenirs includes commemorative medals, badges and various items from other groups with a corresponding commemorative design or inscription.

Currently, in connection with the ever-growing tourism, both domestic and international, the organization of souvenir trade is becoming of great importance.

Commemorative medals. Commemorative medals are produced for the purpose of propaganda and perpetuation in artistic form of events in the political, social and scientific life of the country. Commemorative medals serve as decorations on desks and, in some cases, walls.

In Russia, the minting of medals began under Peter I: a series of gold medals were issued dedicated to Russia's military victories. Under Catherine II, a series of medals were made in memory of various historical events.

In the USSR, commemorative medals began to be systematically issued in 1955. There are medals dedicated to V.I. Lenin,

A.S. Pushkin, N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.V. Mayakovsky, V.I. Chapaev, the centenary of the State Tretyakov Gallery, the VI World Festival of Youth and Students, cosmonauts, artists, etc.

The medals are made of bronze (in some cases gold) in the form of a disk, the front and back sides of which are decorated with relief images and corresponding inscriptions. Some types of medals have rectangular shape(plaques). The medal sizes are varied: from 1 to 20 cm in diameter. Metal medals are mostly knocked out on special impact presses (minted); in some cases, minting is done hot. Medals are also made by casting using a wax model (the most ancient method in origin). By embossing you can get a finer relief than by casting.

Various types of holders and stands are used to display medals. Metal brackets or special wooden frames with a socket are used for mounting on walls. On the table, medals are placed on metal or wooden stands with a stop or displayed in open cases.

Lapel badges. Breast badges are made of silver, copper, brass with various decorative finishes (enamel, gold, oxidation).

Badges come in various shapes: round, oval, rectangular, shaped; decorated with emblems, various images, ornaments, etc.

Souvenir breast badges include badges issued as anniversary badges (dedicated to the anniversaries of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the 300th anniversary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia and other memorable dates), to commemorate modern events (the launch of an artificial Earth satellite, cosmonaut flights, etc.), souvenir badges - in memory of certain places - cities, monuments, theaters, etc.

Souvenirs also include various items from other groups of jewelry products that have a corresponding memorable design or inscription. For example, a silver or tombak glass holder, enamel-filigree with artistic execution on the enamel of various memorable places (The Bronze Horseman, Klodt's Horses, the Admiralty, the Kremlin, the Bolshoi Theater, the University, etc.). Similar commemorative images are made on other products: powder compacts, shot glasses, papier-mâché boxes, etc.

The subcutaneous tissue in some people (usually women) loses its normal structure and accumulates fat. At the same time, irregularities known as cellulite form on its surface. To reduce cosmetic defects, a variety of means are used, including various wrapping recipes.

Efficiency

Cellulite occurs when pockets and depressions form in the connective tissue in which fat cells accumulate. With poor nutrition and low mobility, they accumulate lipid particles and increase in size. As you age, the thinning of the top layer of skin causes signs of cellulite to become more noticeable.

Do body wraps help against cellulite? According to American fitness experts, such procedures are not able to remove excess fat. Depending on the composition of the ingredients used, these manipulations improve the condition of the skin, exfoliate non-viable epithelium, soften and cleanse the skin. Immediately after the procedure, the latter looks even, but can return to its original state within a day.

For wraps to be more effective, they must be carried out in a course simultaneously with the following activities:

reducing caloric intake leading to a loss of approximately 1 kg of weight per week;
walking, running or cycling for 20 minutes daily;
twice a week - strength training, for example, exercises with dumbbells.

Types of procedure

There are several types of this cosmetic procedure, fundamentally different in their mechanism of action:

cold wrap;
isothermal;
"hot".

Cold

In the first case, menthol is added to the mixture along with other active ingredients. This substance causes a reflex reaction in the skin vessels and lymphatic tract. As a result, they contract, which leads to a decrease in the permeability of their walls. The penetration of plasma from the blood into the tissue fluid is reduced, and the development of edema is prevented.

The lymphatic pathways are not closed, therefore, as tissue volume decreases, excess fluid begins to be more actively removed into the lymphatic and then venous system. Therefore, cold wraps have not only a decongestant, but also a lymphatic drainage effect. Fluid entering the lymph from tissues carries with it dissolved lipids.

Is it possible to use anti-cellulite wraps for varicose veins?

Yes, the “cold” version helps not only improve the condition of adipose tissue, but also tones the venous walls. It has no harmful effect on varicose veins. However, like any other procedure, the wrap should not be performed directly in the area of varicose veins and is permitted only after consultation with a phlebologist.

Isothermal

They do not provide a warming or cooling effect. They usually use algae and other minerals. These ingredients themselves are quite active and do not require steaming the skin. An additional advantage of isothermal wraps is the removal of the upper dead layer of cells, which improves appearance skin and microcirculation in the dermis.

Hot

Often used on the thighs and buttocks. It is considered to be the most effective. In this case, the effect of the active components is enhanced by creating a “greenhouse” effect. An increase in local temperature leads to expansion of the vascular lumen, loosening of the epithelium and improves the penetration of ingredients into the subcutaneous tissue. This procedure moisturizes the skin well.

Execution technique

Spas and beauty salons offer professional anti-cellulite wraps. At the same time, you can undergo sessions and lymphatic drainage procedures that will improve the results of the fight against pathology. Of course, the advantage of professional execution is compliance correct technique, concentration of active ingredients, compliance with the duration of the procedure and the required number of sessions.

However, you can carry out the procedure at home. If you have time and patience, the results will be no worse than after a visit to a cosmetologist.

To do this procedure yourself, you need to prepare:

Body Scrub;
the medicinal mixture itself;
gloves;
food grade, but much better - special film for wrapping;
robe;
blanket or blanket.

Home wraps are carried out as follows:

first you need to take a shower and treat problem areas with a body scrub (you can use fine salt or ground coffee);
dry the skin and apply a thin layer of the medicinal mixture to it;
wrap the affected areas with film in 2-3 layers, without tightening the soft tissues;
put on a robe, and when using “hot” equipment, cover yourself with a blanket;
lie down on the sofa or in bed for 30-60 minutes so that the film does not slip and the mixture can be well absorbed into the skin;
remove the film, rinse off the remaining mixture, take a hygienic shower;
apply .

Some recipes for wraps have their own peculiarities, so it is advisable to consult a cosmetologist before using them.

How often should such procedures be done?

As an alternative to body wraps, we suggest you consider the following salon procedures:

Recipes

There are many recipes for anti-cellulite mixtures for use at home and in spas.

Honey

For honey wrap against cellulite you will need natural honey. It can have any consistency, even candied, but medium thickness is most convenient. The use of honey is not recommended in case of allergic reactions to bee products - in this case allergic dermatitis may develop.

Classic

Essential oils of lemon, orange or coniferous trees are added to honey. For additional cleansing and nutrition, you can add ground coffee or coffee grounds. If the resulting mixture is too thick, dilute it cosmetic milk for body.

After applying the composition to problem areas, it is recommended to massage for 5 minutes - rubbing, pinching the skin. This will help speed up the absorption of healthy foods. Then the treated area is wrapped tightly, but not tightly, in food-grade polyethylene and covered with a blanket.

The procedure has a pronounced warming effect, so you may feel warmth or even a slight burning sensation. If it intensifies, it is necessary to lift the edge of the film - if the skin is very reddened, it is better to wash off the composition to prevent allergies.

The honey anti-cellulite wrap is left for 1 hour, then the mixture is washed off with warm water and nourishing milk is applied to the skin.

Honey + mustard

To enhance the effect on areas with thick skin, you can do a wrap with mustard and honey. Take equal quantities of mustard powder and honey. The powder is first diluted in a small amount of warm water to prevent lumps from forming, and then mixed with honey. The duration of the procedure is shorter - only half an hour, in order to prevent skin burns. Ready-made mustard is not used.

Mumiyo

Another popular remedy obtained from bees is mummy. It can also be used to combat cellulite. Wrapping with mumiyo involves using a mixture that is prepared using baby cream or oil. You need to buy mummy in tablets at the pharmacy; Dissolve 2 tablets in a small amount of water and mix in a jar with baby cream. Exposure duration – 1 hour. Shilajit can also be mixed with olive oil, adding essential oils of citrus or coniferous trees. Oil wraps are done for 15 minutes. Mumiyo is best used twice a week.

Mustard

Mustard wrap is used for significant cellulite damage. However, you should not cover too large areas of your body with it. You can alternate wrapping each thigh every other day to give the skin time to recover.

Before the procedure, it is advisable to check the sensitivity of the skin. To do this, apply a small amount of the mixture to the thigh and observe the reaction. If there is severe redness or burning, this procedure should not be performed.

Dry mustard powder is slightly diluted with water until it becomes pasty. Essential oils are added if desired. No need to use ready-made seasoning, even homemade– the vinegar included in its composition damages the epithelium without enhancing the anti-cellulite effect.

It is recommended to do wraps with mustard only at intervals of 3 days. The skin is cleaned, mustard is applied, wrapped in film and covered with a towel or blanket. The duration of the session is 30 minutes, after which the remaining mixture is washed off, and a nourishing cream is applied to the skin. 10-15 such procedures will help remove up to 4 cm in girth.

Coffee

Coffee wrap will be effective against cellulite only if you use ground coffee. It is better to buy unroasted beans and grind them immediately before application. This will retain in them all the substances that will make the skin elastic and remove excess fluid from the tissues.

You need to take a third of a glass of ground coffee and dilute it in warm water. The consistency should be quite thick so that the grounds do not spread. After applying to cleansed skin and wrapping with film, cover with a blanket. Duration – from 30 to 45 minutes, frequency – every other day, per course – up to 15 sessions.

Then the coffee grounds are washed off with water and a moisturizer or nourishing agent is applied.

Clay

This is an excellent product for isothermal wraps. It does not heat the skin, but its particles effectively cleanse it, and minerals penetrate deep into the tissues, improving their blood supply. At the same time, the breakdown of lipids in cells increases.

Which clay is best for cellulite?

Black and blue varieties of clay have an advantage.

Blue clay wrapping is best used for oily skin, as it dries the surface of the epithelium well. The powder is diluted with the same amount of warm water and mixed thoroughly so that there are no lumps. Then the wrap is done according to the usual scheme (cleansing, applying, wrapping with film, rinsing and nourishing the skin). When using clay wraps, you don’t need to cover yourself with a blanket, since the effectiveness of the procedure does not depend on the thermal effect.

Duration – up to 60 minutes. It is better to do wraps every other day for a month.

Treatment with other types of clay is carried out in the same way. Black should be chosen in cases where the skin has enlarged pores and is pale in color. Wraps with white clay (kaolin) are done less frequently. Kaolin is more suitable for masks.

Cocoa and chocolate

If the skin has lost its elasticity, anti-cellulite wraps with cocoa are useful. For the procedure, you need to take only natural cocoa powder, and instant cocoa powder will not work. You need to choose the one that requires cooking.

How to prepare the wrapping mixture?

Pour half a liter of water into a saucepan, bring to a boil, pour in cocoa powder (200 grams) previously diluted in a small amount of water and cook, stirring, for 10 minutes. Then cool and apply as usual for 1 hour. You can add blue clay powder to the mixture. Wraps with cocoa and essential oils have a good effect.

As an alternative, anti-cellulite wraps are carried out not with powder, but with cocoa butter. This product is sold in stores natural cosmetics. It is melted in a water bath, you can add olive oil. The duration of the procedure is 30 minutes. Then the skin must be rinsed with warm water, without leaving an oily feeling on it. It is better to make wraps with cocoa every 2-3 days during the month.

Chocolate wraps can be made not only using cocoa powder or butter (or a mixture of both), but also using ready-made dark chocolate. The tile is melted in a water bath or in the microwave, and when the optimal temperature is reached, applied to the skin for 1 hour. The disadvantage of this method is the need to wash the bathtub after the procedure to remove chocolate stains. But it also has a significant advantage in the form of easy preparation.

Paraffin

It is often carried out in a salon, where other active ingredients are added to this substance - seaweed, essential oils, medicinal mud. But you can do it at home too. To do this, you need to purchase cosmetic white paraffin at the pharmacy. 200 grams are dissolved in a water bath and cooled to a pleasant temperature. It is more convenient to apply paraffin with a wide brush or gauze swab. After application, the skin is wrapped with film and covered with a towel. Session duration – 1 hour. Then the paraffin crust is carefully cleaned off. After this, the skin becomes noticeably smoother and softer. It is enough to carry out 5-7 procedures 2 times a week.

Sea salt

Sea salt can be added to any wrap mixture. You need to purchase pure salt without additives or flavorings and add it in equal proportions to the selected ingredients.

When using salt, the skin is more irritated than usual. Therefore, the session time is reduced by 15-30 minutes compared to salt-free wraps.

Ginger

The plant has a good lymphatic drainage effect. It contains antioxidants, so it not only fights cellulite, but also rejuvenates the skin and improves metabolic processes in it.

Ginger wraps require the dry root of the plant, which must be ground into powder immediately before use. Typically, ginger is added to mixtures with honey, olive oil, clay, and coffee. It warms up the skin well, which must be taken into account to prevent irritation. Ginger can also cause allergic dermatitis, so before use it is recommended to apply a small amount of the mixture to a small area of skin and observe the reaction.

Night wraps

When using wraps at night, you need to be aware of possible irritation of the skin surface. If any unpleasant symptoms appear, remove the film and rinse the treated area with warm water.

You can apply products under the film that do not have an irritating effect. Usually honey, olive oil with a few drops are used essential oil lemon or infusion of plantain, nettle, burdock, mixed with baby cream or cosmetic milk.

After applying the mixture, cover the skin with film and go to bed. In the morning you need to wash off the remaining composition and take cold and hot shower. Night wraps can be done 1-2 times a week.

Photo taken from the resource Recommend.ru

Creams

You can make wraps at home without lengthy preparation of the medicinal mixture. Instead, it is permissible to use ready-made products. Cellulite cream is easy to apply and wash off, does not stain clothes, and has a balanced, specially selected composition. You can use products from such lines or manufacturers:

Guam;
Markell;
Velinia;
Floresan;
New Line;
Alganika;
Histomer;
Janssen Cosmetics;
ondevice;
Organic Shop;
Beauty Style;
Natura Siberica;
Arabia;
Nirvel;
Medical Collagen 3D.

Many companies offer ready-made anti-cellulite wraps, for example: Fresh Spa, Gloria, Natura Siberica, Premium Silhouette, Beauty Style, Valentina Kostina Organic Cosmetic, Janssen Body and others.

Contraindications

Any wraps have general contraindications:

acute infections, high fever;
skin diseases, wounds, pustules at the intended site of the procedure;
allergic or contact dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis;
high blood pressure (more than 140/90 mm Hg);
exacerbation of thrombophlebitis;
oncological processes;
vasculitis, dilated blood vessels, “stars” on the skin;
varicose veins (except for cold wraps);
intolerance to the mixture used;
pregnancy.

In other cases, the wrapping procedure is practically safe. Of course, caution and prudence must be observed in everything. If any alarming signs appear, you should immediately wash off the mixture and apply a restorative ointment, for example, Bepanten. If irritation persists, it is recommended to consult a dermatologist.

It is difficult to say which anti-cellulite wrap is the most effective. Many women try different recipes and find the right one. In the salon, a cosmetologist assesses the condition of the skin and recommends the best option for each patient.

Modern beauty standards are very categorical regarding the hair on a girl’s skin; legs and arms should be clean and smooth, this is beautiful. But how to achieve this effect for a long time?

Currently, there are many different techniques and methods for removing excess hair, each of us will choose the best for ourselves. In this article we want to talk about depilation as one of the methods and about depilation products from the Italian company XANITALIA.

XANITALIA was founded in 1984 as a specialist privately owned manufacturer of depilatory waxes when hair removal was just beginning to become the norm. Today, depilation is one of the the most important aspects body care, which the modern woman pays special attention to. The company has developed dynamically, and thanks to constant investments in research, factories and technological equipment, today it is one of the few suppliers of products in this category and a world leader in this sector.

Quality system XANITALIA certified by the accredited body Certiquality in accordance with the UNI EN ISO 9001-2008 standard. Xanitalia has an international IQNet certificate. The XANITALIA Research and Development Laboratory is a center for continuous improvement. Each new idea assessed by technical staff and undergoes a rigorous verification process, controlled at all phases of production in accordance with UNI EN ISO 9001:2000 standards:

Waxing at home- a fairly simple procedure, requiring basically only the right choice brands of wax or wax strips.

Warm wax for depilation in cartridges is new form wax, which appeared quite recently. Such cartridges are inserted into a special device, which simultaneously acts as a wax melter and also has a rotating roller for applying molten wax to the skin. Wax in cartridges is universal and suitable for depilation of all areas of the body. How to use it…? Leaning the roller against the skin, you need to move it over the desired area, which will lead to the application of wax to the skin in an even thin layer. Immediately after this you need to apply to this area of skin special paper and smooth it out thoroughly. Next, you need to wait a little while the wax hardens, and then with a sharp movement against the hair growth, tear off the paper strip. After depilation, it is recommended to use special milk or oil as care.

Useful tips to help you carry out the procedure correctly, get a good result and enjoy it:

Exfoliate before every waxing session.
Always use baby powder or talcum powder before waxing.
Make sure the length unwanted hair not less than 5 mm.
Always pull wax in the opposite direction of hair growth.
Always moisturize your skin after the procedure with a special product.

A wide range of XANITALIA depilatory products for professional and home use is represented by the exclusive distributor Belar Grup BEST PRICES in Moldova! Products can be purchased in the company’s sales area, as well as ordered in a store on a social network