Was there a curse hanging over the Kashirins? Essay on the topic: grandfather Kashirin and his family (M. Gorky

Reader response Alexey Reshenkov to an article in the Bulletin of the City Duma."

(Note: the material is only available on the website).

My family and the Kashirin family

Markova Anastasia Sergeevna(1916-2007), daughter Kashirina Valentina Egorovna(1877-1956), more than once mentioned in conversations with me that her grandmother Kashirina Elena with your spouse Kashirin Egor lived for some time in the same house with A.M. Peshkov, also mentioned that there is a curse on the family. She said that perhaps Yegor was not my grandfather’s real name. Somehow I didn’t take this information seriously at the time. But when in 2007 a person close to me passed away, feeling the pain of loss and the speed of the passing time, I began to take an interest in my genealogy.

I didn’t even consider our family’s attitude towards Peshkov. One thing was clear to me: Gorky’s grandfather and grandmother - Vasily Vasilievich And Akulina Ivanovna- are my distant ancestors. I found confirmation of this in my personal archive Vladimir Nikolaevich Isaychev. His photo album contains photographs of people who are also in my archive. (www.isaichev.ru) - family Ivan Petrovich Kashirin).

The first and third man on the right and the first woman on the left are present in a group photograph of the Kashirin family from 1905.

In his poem “Ancestral Find,” Vladimir Isaichev writes:

Kashirina - not more and not little,

If you believe both legends and rumors, -

So my father's grandmother was

Related to Alyosha Peshkov himself.

There is no need to explain with what excitement and trepidation I re-read Gorky’s “Childhood”, how I devoured Pavel Basinsky. Every page of these books gave me a feeling of that time. She drew psychological portraits of her relatives, which, as life showed, were repeated through generations. Gradually, the image of Vasily Vasilyevich and Akulina Ivanovna, the Kashirin family, took on some shape in my mind.

In 1831, at the age of 24, Vasily Vasilyevich married the daughter of a Nizhny Novgorod tradesman in the Church of the Transfiguration Ivan Yakovlevich Muratov- Akulina Ivanovna is 18 years old. ( Ilya Gruzdev writes that Akulina Ivanovna married her husband when she was 14 years old.) In my opinion, it was Akulina Ivanovna who had a great influence on the formation of relationships in the Kashirin family.

Vasily Vasilyevich’s desire to elevate his family in marriage explains to us why the hard worker and homely Vasily proposed to an orphan (possibly illegitimate, as indicated by her mother’s “homelessness” and early beggary).

“It was good to live for Christ’s sake...” - this is what Akulin’s grandmother told Alexei Peshkov. The title of tradesman was the goal that Vasily Vasilyevich pursued.

Pursuing her, wise Vasily ignores even the question of faith when choosing a bride. After all, Vasily Vasilyevich could not help but know that Akulina worships the sun, that pagan blood ferments in her.

“How long have I taught you, oak head, how to pray, and you keep muttering your own words, you heretic! As soon as the Lord tolerates you! Damn Chuvash! Oh you-and..."

And the “witch” prays...

“- My heart is pure, heavenly! My protection and protection, golden sun. Mother of God, protect me from evil obsession, don’t let me offend anyone, and I wouldn’t be offended in vain!”

Against the backdrop of these differences, disagreements often arise between spouses. And if you take into account Vasily’s stern, tough character and kind (in words Gorky, “in truth, the light in the window, the heart of the world, almost the earthly Mother of God”), the character of Akulina Ivanovna, then these disagreements were significant. Thanks to these, quite different people, Alexey Peshkov learns early adult life, and with the help of the gift that Akulina Ivanovna possessed, the gift of a storyteller, he, as if inadvertently, becomes familiar with figurative, literary thinking.

“Look, look how good it is! Here it is, father, Nizhny! That's what he is, for God's sake! Those churches, look, they look like they’re flying!”

Showing the kindness and poetry of your language in one phrase is talent.

By Orthodox traditions the wedding of a Christian and a pagan is unacceptable, and if this happens, it is worthy of damnation. And therefore, how is the life of Vasily Vasilyevich, Akulina Ivanovna, as well as their children and grandchildren. we can say that the curse was reflected in all subsequent generations of the Kashirin family.

I would have doubted the presence of a curse if not for the words of Vasily Vasilyevich:

“...The children failed, no matter how you look at them. Where did our juice-power go? You and I thought we were putting it in a basket, but the Lord put a thin sieve in our hands... And yet you indulged them, Tatyam, potatchika! You are a witch!

If Pavel Basinsky had not noticed:

“The curse of grandfather’s God definitely hung over the Kashirin family! All the children of the beautiful Varvara, except for the unloved Alexei, died, faded away, disappeared like shadows.”

If under each of the following points I could not write the names of the descendants of Akulina and Vasily, whom I knew personally:

if there are mentally retarded children in the family,

if there are people in the family who deny God,

if a family has a lawsuit, blood relatives divide the inheritance,

if the family voluntarily renounces kinship (You are no longer my mother!)

a curse hangs over this family. Moreover, the sins of each of us, like a snowball, grow from year to year and increase the threat to our descendants.

Infertility is evidence that, from the Creator’s point of view, this race must be terminated. Their sins are too serious to pass on to their children.

The point is not in the curse, as in a church rite, but in the disagreements that reigned among the Kashirins, creating a nervous atmosphere in the family, which often led to fights and, of course, had an impact on the psyche of the younger generation.

Markov Ivan, deacon of the Church of St. George the Victorious, in the village of Ignatievo near Gzhel, father Sergei Ivanovich Markov(1873-1939), also grandfather Anastasia Sergeevna Markova. Due to the nature of his service, he had a good understanding of people. And when his son Sergei asked his father for the blessing of his marriage with Kashirina Valentina Egorovna, his answer was sharply negative.

Pagan blood and other religions seeped into literally everything in the Kashirin family.

For Deacon Ivan Markov, this marriage was perceived not only as a personal insult, but also as a threat to the true faith. Faith in Christ. Sergei Ivanovich went against his father and married Valentina Egorovna. From that moment on, the life paths of father and son diverged. We can say that this family discord is also a consequence of the curse.

Surprisingly clearly, physical similarities were passed down through generations, for example, of Akulina Ivanovna (according to descriptions) and Kashirina Valentina Egorovna (granddaughter). In the photograph “Elena Kashirina and the Markovs” is on the far right. - Valentina Egorovna, married to Markov, - “Big-headed, with huge eyes.” Unfortunately, I did not see the photo of Akulina Ivanovna, nor did I see the photo of Yakov, whose descriptions are very similar to Yegor Kashirin. But not only physical traits were passed on. Psychological portraits of the Kashirins are also transmitted as carbon copies.

And when I read Gorky’s letter to Ekaterina Volzhina, the bride, and then the wife, characterizing the young Alexei Peshkov, I can subscribe to his every word and say that this is a portrait of my father.

“First of all, it is not simple and clear enough. He is too convinced that he is not like people and is too drawn to it. He makes too great demands on people, as if he alone is smart, and everyone else is idiots and blockheads. And most importantly, it is difficult to understand him, because he does not understand himself at all. The main thing is that he is too incomprehensible, that’s his misfortune.”

Understanding the relationships between members of Vasily Vasilyevich’s family and his attitude towards his grandchildren, I understood why my parents sent me to “freedom” at the age of 18. Why, to this day, when I am 47 years old, my father shows no interest in me or his grandchildren. History repeats itself.

And yet I dream of bowing to the graves of my ancestors, despite the curse, the influence of which also affected me. Ready to kiss each of them. In gratitude for my life, the foundation of which began to be laid in 1831 by Vasily Vasilyevich and Akulina Ivanovna, without even knowing it.

This is my view of the relationship in the Kashirin family, perhaps I’m wrong somewhere. But it is based not only on research work Gruzdeva, Pelevin, Basinsky and Gorky himself, but also on my analysis of the lives of the descendants of Vasily Vasilyevich and Akulina Ivanovna, whose life, like a parallel of centuries, copies the life of their ancestors.

I am immensely grateful to those people who keep the memory of the Kashirin family alive.

I would like to ask Lyudmila Mikhailovna Smirnova provide assistance in acquiring the Kashirin family tree. For my part, I will be happy to answer all your questions. Thank you for your creativity.

[email protected]

Kashirin’s house in Nizhny Novgorod is both a living illustration of Maxim Gorky’s story “Childhood” and an opportunity to see with your own eyes a huge number of things that the great writer touched.

Survived by a miracle

“The flow of people wanting to see the house where the great writer grew up is huge,” says Tamara Shukhareva, head of the Museum of Childhood A.M. Gorky "Kashirin's House". - We constantly have guests - both children and adults. They come in families, classes, university groups. There are many foreigners among the guests: Gorky is one of the most famous Russian writers abroad. At one point there was a real pilgrimage of Chinese students. Apparently, one group came first, and then these guys told their compatriots about this museum.”

The history of the small estate at the Postal Congress is unique. Before acquiring the status of a museum, it was twice under threat of demolition: at the beginning of the 20th century (but urban planning plans were interfered with by the First World War and the Revolution), then in the 1930s - then the Nizhny Novgorod intelligentsia came to its defense.

The founder and first director of Kashirin's House was Fyodor Pavlovich Khitrovsky. He knew Gorky personally - they worked together in the Nizhny Novgorod List. The museum opened to visitors on January 1, 1938. The house and furnishings have been restored since 1935. Khitrovsky asked Gorky personally to help recreate everything here as it was under the Kashirins. In 1936, Gorky sent a plan of the house drawn with his own hand.

Grandfather Vasily Kashirin's room. The famous raccoon coat remains behind the scenes. Photo: AiF-Nizhny Novgorod/ Natalya Burukhina

“It’s like the Kashirins just came out!”

Many people who were here under the Kashirins helped to recreate the atmosphere of the house. Neighbors, friends, relatives - everyone remembered how the furniture was arranged, what kind of curtains were on the windows.

“There are a lot of real things here, from Kashirin,” says Tamara Shukhareva. - When grandfather Vasily Kashirin decided to divide the inheritance between his sons, Mikhail’s family lived in a separate room in the house at the Postal Congress. He, unlike his brother Yakov, did not squander his property. Many things were brought to the museum by the descendants of Mikhail Kashirin. So almost all the dishes returned here, round table and a velvet tablecloth. Even grandma's feather beds and Quilt blanket, spoons and forks used by the Kashirins. A beautiful sugar bowl-house and a butter dish with chickens were also in the house when little Alyosha Peshkov came here.”

The restorers were delighted to find old wallpaper under the plaster. Under the wallpaper there was a layer of newspapers with dates that corresponded to the time the Kashirins lived. The artists restored the wallpaper design, and new ones were printed to special order.

Before the opening, we were invited to the museum Anna Kirillovna Zalomova, friend of Gorky's mother. Zalomova often visited the Kashirins, and it was she who became the prototype for the main character of the novel “Mother.” Anna Kirillovna was almost 90 years old in 1938. She looked around the house and said: “It’s as if the Kashirins just left here!”

Stove in Kashirin's house. Photo: AiF-Nizhny Novgorod/ Natalya Burukhina

Fairy tales and rods

“Little Alyosha listened to fairy tales every evening,” continues Tamara Shukhareva. “He slept in his grandmother’s room on a chest, and opposite his bed there was a stove with tiles. They are perfectly preserved. The subjects of the pictures are different on each one. They, one might say, were the first illustrations for fairy tales for the future writer.”

In the Kashirins' house, colored glass was inserted into some frames - this was an indicator of prosperity. The glass has been preserved. These colored highlights also seemed fabulous to Alyosha.

But nearby in the kitchen there was a bench and rods in a large tub... While his father was alive, no one touched Alyosha with a finger. But, once at his grandfather’s house, the boy encountered a different world - almost immediately he had to taste the rod. The child, realizing that he was going to be spanked, did not behave meekly like the other children in the family. He pulled his grandfather's beard and bit his finger.

But we must not forget that it was the grandfather who was the first teacher of the future writer. He taught him to read and write, noticed that his grandson good memory and have the ability to learn. IN good mood Kashirin even promised Alyosha to give him his raccoon fur coat.

Did the gypsy survive?

“Gorky’s story “Childhood” describes both this house at the Postal Congress and its inhabitants,” says Tamara Shukhareva. - But we must understand that “Childhood” is still not a scientific article, but a work of art. So, for example, literary scholars do not have a clear opinion about who was the prototype of the Gypsy.”

The gypsy woman in Gorky's story is one of Alyosha's close friends; he clearly had a great influence on the future writer. It is Tsyganok who teaches Alyosha how to behave correctly during a spanking and tries to help him avoid punishment for pranks. The guy works in a dye shop, he is his grandmother’s favorite, cheerful, lively, and crafty.

In the story, Gypsy dies because of the Kashirin brothers. But what really happened? And was Gypsy even in this house?

The gypsy, it turns out, did not die under the cross. Photo: AiF-Nizhny Novgorod/ Natalya Burukhina

“The story says that Vanya Tsyganok is a foundling: “in early spring, on a rainy night, he was found at the gate of the house on a bench,” says Tamara Shukhareva. - Nikolai Zaburdaev, who headed the State Gorky Museum for almost 20 years, studied the prototypes and the history of the creation of the story for many years. In the police archives, he did not find any mention of a baby being thrown into the Kashirins’ house. There were also no records of adoption in the city government papers.”

Most likely, Gypsy is a collective image of several students of grandfather Kashirin.

One of these students was the company foreman, cantonist Movsha Festovsky, he was 19 years old. It was him who Vasily Kashirin adopted and even baptized - Movsha became Nikolai. But Nikolai Festovsky did not die like the Gypsy under the cross. In 1864 he was recruited as a soldier and returned to Nizhny Novgorod in 1870 with the rank of non-commissioned officer of the 145th Novocherkassk Infantry Regiment. Nikolai Zaburdaev writes that after the service, Festovsky was assigned to the Nizhny Novgorod philistinism and, apparently, went back to work for the Kashirins. In 1874, Festovsky got married and began trading. His house with the sign “Vegetable Trade” is captured in the photo of Maxim Dmitriev.

In Gorky’s story “In People,” grandmother Akulina Ivanovna says that the grandfather went completely bankrupt, giving money in interest without a receipt to his godson Nikolai. In the 1930s, Khitrovsky, while collecting materials for the museum, talked with Mikhail Kashirin’s son, Konstantin. He remembered that in life, Vasily Kashirin, shortly before his death, lent 3 thousand rubles to a fruit merchant, but did not issue a receipt, and the money disappeared. True, Konstantin Kashirin calls the merchant Krestovsky. Zaburdaev believed that the confusion in surnames was simply a memory error.

The tiles on the stove near Alyosha’s bed are perfectly preserved. Photo: AiF-Nizhny Novgorod/ Natalya Burukhina

Three facts about “Childhood” and Kashirin’s House

• There were no children's books in the Kashirins' house, although little Alyosha listened to fairy tales every evening.
• My grandfather's raccoon coat, which is now more than 200 years old, hangs in the museum in his room. Vasily Kashirin was proud of this outfit. In those days, such fur coats were mainly worn by merchants. Grandfather Kashirin was the foreman of the dyeing shop, he was elected to the Duma, but he never became a merchant.
• The prototype of the Gypsy Movsha (Nikolai) Festovsky in 1870 acted as the groom's guarantor in the second wedding of Alyosha Peshkov's uncle - Yakov.

The little hero of M. Gorky’s story “Childhood”, after the death of his father, ends up in the family of his grandfather. He was a stern man who spent his whole life “saving a penny.”

Grandfather Kashirin was engaged in trade. He had a fairly large family - two sons and a daughter - Lenka's mother. The sons fought over their father's inheritance and were very afraid that their sister would get something. Grandfather was even afraid that they would do the worst thing - “they would harass Varvara.”

Lenka ends up in her grandfather’s family when things are still going well for Kashirin. The family lives in prosperity, and the grandfather is happy with everything so far. This is how Lenka describes him at that time: “He was all folded, chiseled, sharp. His satin, silk-embroidered waistcoat was old and worn out, his cotton shirt was wrinkled, there were large patches on the knees of his pants, and yet he seemed dressed cleaner and more handsome than his sons...”

The grandfather is very worried about the behavior of his sons; he sees that they will stop at nothing in pursuit of money.

Kashirin singled out Lenka from all his grandchildren; for some reason he liked him more than all the others. But he didn’t let the boy go free, he also flogged him for his offenses. Moreover, sometimes the grandfather was very cruel to Lenka.

This man was hot-tempered and angry. Having dispersed, he could have screwed his grandson until he lost consciousness. And this happened when the grandmother and mother stood up for the boy. Kashirin did not tolerate being contradicted, especially in his house.

It is Lenka who tells the grandfather the story of his life. In his youth, Kashirin was a barge hauler: “with his strength he pulled barges against the Volga.” He tells his grandson how difficult it is. The person is exhausted with all his strength, literally bleeding with sweat and blood. But there’s nowhere to go - we have to drag it out: “This is how we lived before the eyes of God, before the eyes of the merciful Lord Jesus Christ!..”

Kashirin says that he measured the Volga three times back and forth - many thousands of miles. But there were also pleasant moments in this life, when on vacation the whole team sang a barge hauler song. Kashirin says that he “got a chill on his skin, and it was as if the Volga was going faster, and it would have reared up like a horse, right up to the clouds.”

Gradually, the Kashirin family goes bankrupt. Grandfather is getting old. At the end of the story we already see that this is a sick and decrepit man. My grandfather’s financial situation deteriorated significantly. It got to the point that my grandmother went to beg for alms. My grandfather, who was so afraid of losing money, at the end of his life turned into an almost beggar.

We see how he has changed: “the grandfather shrunk even more, wrinkled, his red hair turned grey, the calm importance of his movements was replaced by hot fussiness, green eyes They look suspicious."

The lack of money really depresses Kashirin. He even separates from his wife so as not to have an extra mouth to feed: “Even the oil for the icon lamp before each one bought his own - this is after fifty years of joint work!” He reproaches his grandmother and Lenka: “You get me drunk, you eat me to the bone, oh, you…” And this is despite the fact that the grandson practically lived on the street.

At the end of the story, the grandfather kicks Lenka out into the street. The boy’s mother dies, and his grandfather tells him: “Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, there is no place for you on my neck, but go join the people...

And I went among the people.”

The fate of grandfather Kashirin is difficult and ambiguous. From a successful merchant he turned into a poor and lonely old man. It is important that he “dispersed” his relatives himself: he quarreled with his sons, separated from his wife, kicked out his grandson, dooming him to independent survival.

After the death of his father, Alyosha Peshkov moved with his mother and grandmother to the house of his grandfather Kashirin. He didn't like the situation from the first day. There was constant enmity in the house between the boy’s uncles, Mikhail and Yakov. They pestered their father so that he would quickly divide the inheritance, and then everyone could start their own business.

In my grandfather’s house there was always a “fog of enmity”: constant fights between uncles; punishment of children in the form of flogging on Saturdays; bullying a half-blind factory worker; grandfather's reprisal against grandmother.

Alexey is not used to seeing such behavior from adults, their regular fights and quarrels, as well as physical punishment of children. When he lived with his father and mother, love and respect reigned in their house.

The main reason for the constant quarrels between members of the Kashirin family is greed for money and the grandfather’s property not being divided between the children. Each brother fears that the other will get the bigger and better piece of the inheritance. The grandmother persuades the grandfather to divide the inheritance between his sons, which will help stop the hostility and fights between them.

The Kashirins' grandfather was a domineering and rude man. He had a rough life in his youth. He experienced all the hardship of work and poverty while he was a barge hauler. He hated poverty and considered beggars stupid and lazy. Thanks to his cunning, he managed to make a decent fortune and open his own business. He was in no hurry to share his wealth with his children, and this was the cause of constant quarrels and fights in the house.

Everyone was afraid of grandfather. He constantly kept the children in strictness and punished them for small offenses with rods. He thought that in this way he would achieve good upbringing and obedience. Old man Kashirin was smart and perspicacious; at first glance he could determine what a person was like.

He saw in the foundling Tsyganka a good worker with “golden hands”, and in his grandson Alyosha the ability for science and independently taught him to read and write. The grandfather respected his wife and was proud that she did not lose her head during the fire in the house. Although he shouted and beat her. She was not offended and attributed this anger to “failures at home.”

The image of the grandmother is the complete opposite of the grandfather. She is affectionate, kind and always ready to help. Her soul is torn between her children and their constant fights. She worries that Mikhail and Yakov are quarreling, and the grandfather is stern and does not meet them.

For Alyosha, his grandmother became an angel who helped the boy get used to his new home and established customs in the Kashirin family, and also protected him from evil people. She, and not his mother, took pity on Alyosha and grabbed him in her arms when his grandfather first wanted to flog him with rods for ruining the tablecloth.

The boy's mother left and appeared very rarely, so Alyosha gradually forgot the image of his mother. He lived in the same room with his grandmother. In the evenings, she told him fairy tales and stories from the life of the Kashirins, which the boy really liked. The grandmother felt pity and compassion for people, which infuriated the grandfather.

When their grandfather died, Alyosha and grandmother were left with nothing. The boy went to beg and everything that was given to him, he brought to this kind and old woman. Looking at him, she cried silently, worrying about what would happen to her grandson in the future.

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In his story “Quiet Morning,” Kazakov talks about the friendship of two boys from different social strata, about mutual assistance. Yu.P. Kazakov talks about village life and shows us how different the rural and urban populations are.

District Conference

Local history research works of students "Fatherland"

GENEALOGY OF THE KASHIRIN FAMILY

nomination "Pedigree"

Verkhneuralsk,

st. Mira, 115

Supervisor: ,

local history teacher,

municipal educational institution

"average comprehensive school» №1

Verkhneuralsk,

st. Mira, 115

1. Introduction

2. Pedigree of the Kashirin family

4. References

Applications

1. Introduction

Genealogy, pedigree, heraldry - this is powerful moral remedy both for strengthening the family and for strengthening the state - this is the philosophical basis of both life and citizenship.()

A person's view of the future is associated with hope. A look into the past - with responsibility for ourselves, for what we are. By doing genealogy, we connect the past with the future.

Family albums are a chronicle of faces. There are many photographs in our family albums, but two are especially dear to me - they are more than a hundred years old. I have been working on the history of the Kashirin family for the third year now and have noticed how difficult it is to collect information about the ancestors who lived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

At the beginning of my work, I set myself a goal - to research the history of the Kashirin family

1. studying the history of the Kashirin family

2. find out how the events of the country affected the destinies of the Kashirin family

2. Pedigree of the Kashirin family

Not far from the sandy shore of the Urals, bordered by a talnik, in the village of Forshtadt, in the house of a descendant of a Pugachev Cossack-teacher, and then ataman of the Verkhneuralsk village, respected by the Cossacks, Dmitry Ivanovich Kashirin and his wife Larisa Matveevna, four sons and two daughters grew up. The eldest among them were Nikolai and Ivan. Much later, their people called them red heroes of the civil war.

It was no coincidence that Dmitry Ivanovich was elected ataman for 28 years. He served the community zealously. He took care of the life, education, and spiritual appearance of the village residents. He organized a fundraiser for the construction of the temple and supervised the construction until the St. George Church in Forstadt went into operation on March 21, 1910. One of his brothers, Grigory Kashirin, became the head of the church. In the stanitsa village of Forstadt, half the village were Kashirins. Therefore, the children and grandchildren - the five brothers - were called: Dmitry - “Atamanovs”, Yakov - “Uryadnikovs”, Grigory - “Starostins”, Vladimir - “Volodins”, Mikhail - “Mikhailins”. Their sister was Evdokia Ivanovna. By the time D. I. Kashirin was elected ataman (1891-1892), the Verkhneuralskaya stanitsa (Cossack yurt) included 13 towns, villages and hamlets. In 1890, there were 8,510 souls of both sexes in the village, and by 1911 their number had doubled.

The question may arise: how did the sons of a Cossack ataman - tsarist officers - become revolutionaries, Bolsheviks? This is largely explained by the origin of the Kashirins. Dmitry Ivanovich was the son of a poor Cossack. Being a capable and inquisitive boy, he was the only one of five brothers to graduate from a rural school. As the best student, the teacher took him as an assistant. That's how he became a teacher. He became an ataman in the famine year of 1891, when the ataman escaped from the village during a typhus epidemic. He was a working Cossack, like most villagers.

After Nikolai and Ivan graduated from school, a problem arose about where to get funds for their studies in civilian educational institutions. Family - eight souls. All that remained was to enter the Cossack military school, where education was free.

The eldest of the brothers, Nikolai, worked at a school for a time after school and teaching courses. Then he graduated with honors from the Orenburg Junker School, began to serve in Cossack units, ending the peaceful period of his life as a centurion - assistant commander of the 5th Cossack regiment, who was in the service of the Emir of Bukhara. Soon Ivan and Peter graduated from the same school. To the younger brother Alexey managed to continue his studies “in civilian life.”

And suddenly thunder erupted over the family of the village ataman. Unexpectedly and unexpectedly, on New Year's Eve 1912, Nikolai appeared. The revolutionary-minded Kashirin was punished in Tashkent “for the corruption of the officers” and then expelled from the regiment as unreliable.

After graduating from college, Ivan Kashirin became a cornet, then, like his brother, a centurion, in 1911-1912 he served in the 2nd Orenburg Regiment in Warsaw. But Ivan did not get along well in combat units. The rebel, who did not agree with the gendarmerie role of the Cossacks, after repeated punishments, like his older brother, was expelled from the regiment. He also returns to his native Forstadt and is engaged in arable farming. Thus, the eldest sons of Ataman Kashirin fell into disgrace two years before the war, which, of course, could not but affect their behavior during the revolutionary events. In the Verkhneuralsk village they are gradually creating opposition to the military authorities.

When World War I broke out, Nikolai and Ivan were sent to the Southwestern Front. They fought in the 9th and 10th regiments and fought bravely. was awarded six orders. The last order - St. Vladimir - even introduced the hero into the nobility. Ivan also deserved awards, including a silver saber. But for freethinking and revolutionary actions, Nikolai was in a Kyiv prison and, after a trial of officer’s honor, was demoted in rank to podesaul and, under the pretext of injury, was removed from the division. He became the head of the training team in Verkhneuralsk and the chairman of the Cossack committee of the 1st Orenburg Division. For speaking out against the Provisional Government, after a trial at the September (1917) military circle, he was expelled from the division and returned to Verkhneuralsk. Bolsheviks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin launched revolutionary work among the Upper Ural Cossacks. The third brother Peter was captured, where he remained until 1918.

The younger sister Maria and brother Alexey, like the entire family of the ataman, were participants in the heroic epic of the South Ural Partisan Army, whose commanders in chief were Ivan, Nikolai Kashirin and Vasily Blucher. The only ones who did not participate in this raid were sister Evdokia, who until 1922 wandered around Kolchak’s prisons, and after liberation fought in the ranks of the Far Eastern partisans, and Peter, who had not yet returned from captivity. Then the Kashirins (and Peter too) went through the fronts of the civil war along the roads of the 30th division, whose chief was Nikolai Kashirin.

Ivan Kashirin ended the war as commander of a special Cossack cavalry brigade on the Eastern Front and was awarded the Military Order of the Red Banner. Nikolai - commander of the cavalry corps on the Southern Front, becoming a holder of two Orders of the Red Banner and a special award - Honorary Revolutionary Weapon with the badge of the Order of the Red Banner; Peter - commissar of the 10th Cavalry Division on the Western Front. Nikolai Kashirin's highest military rank after the war was army commander of the 2nd rank, Ivan Kashirin was state security commissioner of the 2nd rank. Peter was deputy chairman of the Chelyabinsk and chairman of the Orenburg provincial executive committee. Alexey worked as an accountant. The fame of the elder brothers N. D. and I. D. Kashirins is multifaceted. Their revolutionary spirit was manifested not only in personal heroism during the civil war, but also in the successful solution of major military-political tasks. They split the Orenburg Cossacks and, in opposition to the ataman, became the leaders of the Orenburg Red Cossacks. They worked their way up to high military-political leaders and delegates of the 11th, 19th, 10th, 15th Party Congresses, and Peter - to the 15th All-Union Party Conference, to statesmen, members of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Along with Kochubey, Dumenko, Mironov and Primakov, they were the organizers and commanders of Soviet Cossack cavalry regiments and formations.

Since 1937, the name of the Kashirin heroes, as well as the entire family of the ataman, ceased to be mentioned.

This year for Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin and all other family members was a year of painful experiences. The shadow of false accusations fell on them as well. The laurels of military victories and popular recognition could not save them from repression... It is known that before the announcement of the verdict in the “Tukhachevsky case”, Judge Ulrich and Yezhov visited Stalin. Having agreed to capital punishment, he asked: “How did the members of the presence behave?”, of whom he was one. Yezhov replied that only Budyonny was active; the members of the court were mostly silent. Stalin ordered to “look” carefully at the members of the court.

The first to be arrested a week before the end of this trial was on June 6, 1937, Pyotr Kashirin, manager of the Orenburg regional office of a communal bank, “on charges of treason and participation in an anti-Soviet sabotage and terrorist organization.”

Exactly half a month later, Ivan Kashirin, one of the leaders of the USSR People's Commissariat for Forestry, was arrested on charges of belonging to an “anti-Soviet terrorist organization.”

The older brother was next in line. Incriminating evidence was obtained. On the night of August 20, they came for Nikolai Dmitrievich.

The mother's heart could not withstand the heavy blow of fate. Larisa Matveevna passed away shortly after the death of her sons. During the Great Patriotic War Alexey Kashirin died. In 1923, after wanderings, she returned to her native Kashirin. The fate of the Red partisan and fighter Red Kashirina is still unknown. In the 30s, she “disappeared.”

In the 60s, the Supreme Court of the USSR overturned unfair sentences. Nikolai, Ivan and Pyotr Kashirin were posthumously rehabilitated, their names were returned to history. Even during the life of the Kashirins, like few of the heroes, their names were assigned to a district of the Orenburg region (now Oktyabrsky), a stud farm and a village in the Kurgan region, a state farm and a collective farm in the Chelyabinsk region, schools, streets in the villages and cities of the Southern Urals. After rehabilitation, streets and schools are named after them again. Bronze busts of Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin were installed in 1960 on one of the squares of Verkhneuralsk.

During the research, the assigned tasks were completed. Immersing myself in the atmosphere of the past years (from the end of the 19th to the end of the 20th century), I felt what a difficult path our country had passed; how waves of joys and tragedies either raised or tried to drown the clan, the ancestors of the Kashirin family.

Monument Nikolai Kashirin, Verkhneuralsk, Kashirin Brothers Stadium