Pestushki: Russian traditions and customs. Pestushki, nursery rhymes, jokes, tongue twisters, fables and shapeshifters for your children Russian folk pestushki and nursery rhymes

From the first days of his life, the baby absorbs everything he sees and hears. Often young mothers do not know how to talk to a baby who cannot carry on a conversation. Our ancestors communicated with infants using short rhymes, which were called pestushki. The name itself has a deep meaning: to nurture, to nurse, to get the opportunity to establish a mother-child connection. Communicating with your child during breastfeeding, changing diapers, waking up the baby, bathing, the mother conveys her love, tenderness and care to the child.
When your baby wakes up:

Pull-pull-pull,
Grow up for my daughter.
You grow up healthy all the time,
Like wheat dough.

Pull-pull-pull,
On (child's name) grow up!
Grow up, daughter, healthy,
Like an apple tree!
Stretch on the cat,
For a growing child,
And in the hands there are grips,
And there's a talker in your mouth,
And come to your senses!

Stretch, stretch,
Across the fat girl!
A in the legs of a walker,
And in the hands of grabbers,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.

Stretch, stretch.
The little talker's mouth,
Grasping hands,
Walker's legs.

If the child cries:

Don't cry, don't cry baby
A squirrel will jump up to you,
Will bring nuts
For (baby's name) nursery rhyme.
If you cry,
Let's give a thin bast shoe.

To cuddle your baby:

Oh you, my girl,
golden squirrel,
Sweet candy,
Lilac branch.

Oh, my son,
wheat ear,
azure flower,
Lilac bush.

When a child is walking:

Oh, he sings, he sings
Nightingale!
Oh, he sings, he sings
Young,
Pretty,
Handsome!

To soothe the pain:
The fox is in pain
The bear is in pain
And Petenka’s pains
Go beyond the mountains.

From my Olya
Go away, pains,
And Olya's pain
Go beyond the mountains.

From my (child's name)
Go away, pains,
To an open field
To the blue sea
To the dark forest;
For viburnum, for raspberries,
To the bitter mother aspen -
They will die there
Last day to be sick.

When the baby starts to stand up and then takes his first steps:

Dybki, dybki, dybki,
Stand on end, stand on end!

Oh, back, up, up, up,
Soon (child's name) will be one year old!

Oh, back, up, up, up,
Our (child's name) scarf -
A flower all over your head!

- Legs, legs,
Where are you running?
- Into the woods up to the midges -
Mosh the hut,
So as not to live coldly.

Dybok-dybochek,
Soon (child's name) will be one year old,
Grow up like an oak tree -
You'll reach the ceiling
Grow higher -
You'll reach the roof.
This is how to grow
So everyone could see!

And racks, racks, racks,
Grandfather was picking mushrooms,
I was looking for nuts -
Vanyusha for fun.

And frets, frets, frets,
No gardens have been planted.
And my Vasenka will go,
He will plant and water.
Top, top, top...

Gop, gop, ghoul, gop,
They sat on Mashenka's forehead.
Wings clap, clap!
Masha with her foot, stomp, stomp!

When a child has a scratch or bruise:

The cat is in pain
The dog is in pain
The horse is in pain
But (child’s name) is not in pain.

The fox is in pain
The wolf is in pain
(child's name) is in pain
Fly to the birch tree in the forest.

The bee is sick
The swallow is sick
A (child's name) illness
Go overseas!

Ay, don't cry, don't cry,
I'll buy you a kalach.
If you cry -
I'll buy a skinny bast shoe!

Son, don't cry -
I'll bake a loaf of bread!
Son, don't howl -
I'll bake another one!
Son, don't cry -
I'll bake all three!

Tsit, tsit, don't cry,
The cat is carrying a roll.
Not far away on the bridge -
Carries a roll on its tail.

When bathing a child:

Water off a duck's back,
From the swan - water,
And with (child's name) - thinness.

Water off a duck's back,
Water from the swan
From my child
All the thinness -
To an empty forest
To the big water
Under the rotten deck!

Gogol water,
The child is thin.
Water from gogolikha,
Baby, sleep and pain,
Good health!

The water is flowing,
Growing child
Water off a duck's back -
You're too thin.
Water downwards -
And the child is up.

Transferring the child's head from hand to hand:

I knead, I knead the dough,
There is room in the oven.
I bake, I bake a loaf -
Pour it over, go ahead!

Spreading the child's arms to the sides:

Pull the canvases -
Just to fit.
On a shirt.
Pull-pull
Place it across.

Pull the canvases
Sip!
In a box
Lay it on!
This is a canvas for mom,
This is your canvas,
A (child's name) canvas
With a mouse tail!

Tatyushki-tatyushki,
There are little birds on the mountain,
Vanyushka was there
I caught the birdie.

Holding your baby on your lap:

I pull and pull, I catch fish,
I put it in my apron.
And one brush
I put it in a pot -
Cook the yushka
(Child's name) feed!

I'm pulling, I'm pulling,
I catch fish.
I put it in my wallet,
I bring it home:
Bee-eaters and heaps,
Plotichki and polichki.
One brush
Yes, and that one is in the pot.
I'll make some cabbage soup,
(child's name) I will feed you.

Tyushki-tyutushki,
All souls are merry.
I'll lift Frolka
Up a steep hill.
Bang! Rolled
Fell off the hill!

Titus rode in a droshky
On a smooth path,
Over the bumps, over the bumps -
Yes boom!

We drove, we drove
To the city for nuts,
Over the bumps, over the bumps
Yes, into the hole - bang!
Squished forty flies!

Over the bumps, over the bumps,
By little stumps,
In the hole - bang!
The rooster has failed!

I'm a red fox
I'm a master at running.
I was running through the forest,
I was chasing a bunny
And into the hole - bang!

When giving a child a massage:

Babai walked along the wall,
He carried a bag on his back.
What's in the bag is mine!
What's in the trough, then Nikita!

How about our crane!
How young are we?
He was sitting on the couch,
Weaved little paws:
Both for myself and for my wife,
For the kids, bast shoes,
And for the girls
In stockings.

Babai walked along the wall,
Carrying bast shoes in his wallet:
All the kids have bast shoes,
Both for myself and for my wife.
Ku-ka-re-ku, cockerel!
There's a man on the floor.
He weaves bast shoes:
And he weaves for himself,
And he weaves for his wife,
To the kids -
For the little bast shoes!

Sitting down for lunch:

- Whose nose?
- Danilov's nose
- Where are you going?
- To Kyiv.
- What are you bringing?
- Rye.
- What will you take?
- A penny.
- What will you buy?
- Damn it.
- Who will you eat with?
- One.
- Don't eat, don't eat alone!

Playing okay:

Ladushki-ladushki,
The gardens are not watered
Lack of time to water:
We need to play ok.

Ay, bale, bale, bale,
Grandfather caught pike.
Grandma baked fish
The frying pan started leaking.

Chick-chick-chickalochki,
A bunny sits on a stick
Squirrel on a cart
Cracks nuts
Go, bunny, don't ask,
Grind the nuts yourself.

Okay, okay,
We baked pancakes.
They put it on the window,
Left to cool.
Let's cool down and eat
And we'll give it to the sparrows.
The little sparrows sat down,
We ate all the pancakes.
Shoo, shoo - let's fly!
They sat on their heads!

- Okay, okay!
Where were you?
- By Grandma.
- What did you eat?
- Porridge.
- What did you drink?
- Mash.
Sweet porridge,
The drunken gang
Grandma is kind.
We drank, ate,
Shu-u-u - they flew,
They sat on their heads,
The Lalushki began to sing.

"Horned goat"

The horned goat is coming,
There's a butted goat coming:
Legs - top, top!
With your eyes - clap, clap!
Who doesn't eat porridge?
Who doesn't drink milk?
He's gored, gored.

"Magpie"

Magpie, forty,
Magpie white-sided
I cooked porridge,
I jumped on the threshold,
Called guests.
There were no guests
Didn't eat the porridge -
I gave everything to my children.

This is on a platter,
This is on a plate,
This is on a spoon,
This one needs scrapings.

And there is nothing to this:
And you, little one,
I didn’t go for water
Didn't carry firewood
I didn't cook porridge.

Touching the baby's polka dots:

Bolshak to chop wood (big),
Should you carry water (index)
And you should light the stove (nameless),
And sing songs to the baby (little finger).
Sing songs and dance,
To amuse my siblings,
Sing songs and dance,
Amuse my siblings.

Curling your fingers:

- Finger boy,
Where have you been?
- With this brother
Cooked cabbage soup
With this brother
Sang songs.

One two three four five!
Let your fingers go for a walk!
This finger found a mushroom (bend the little finger)
This finger cleans the table (we bend the ring finger)
This one cut (bend the middle finger)
This one ate (bend the index finger)
Well, this one just looked (we bend our thumb)!

Ivan the Bolshak - to chop wood,
Vaska the pointer - to carry water.
Little bear needs to light the stove.
Trishka the orphan needs to cook porridge.
And for little Timoshka to sing songs,
Sing songs and dance,
Amuse my siblings.

Four brothers are coming
Towards the elder.
- Hello, big guy! - They say.
- Hello, Vaska the pointer,
Teddy bear,
Grishka the orphan
Yes, little Timoshka.

When a child learns to walk:

Three-ta-ta, three-ta-ta!
A cat married a cat.
The cat is walking on the bench,
And the cat is on the counter,
Catches the cat by the paws:
- Oh, you little cat,
Cool!
Play with me, cat,
With Masha, the young cat!

Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top, top!

Three-ta-ta, three-ta-ta,
A cat marries a cat:
The cat walks on the bench
Leads the cat by the paws,
Tops, tops, on the bench,
Tsaps, tsads, for paws!

Katya, Katya is little
Katya is remote,
Walk along the path
Stomp, Katya, with your foot!

Throwing a child up to the ceiling:
Aunties, aunties,
Oatcakes,
Wheat pie
There's a mixture on the stove,
He rose high.
Hop! hon! hon!

Whoops, whoops,
The woman baked fresh bread.
Everyone has a fresh meal,
And two for Vanyushka!

Carcass, carcass,
There are fresh things on the table,
And there are cheesecakes in the oven.
Fresh bread, cheesecakes -
To our Andryushka!

Pestushki

Pestushka is another genre of oral folk art intended for very young children. Pestushka is a small rhyme or song that is understandable and interesting for a child. The concept of “nurture” comes from this word, but no one uses it today. Yes, and rhymes are not called pestushki, although they remain, and parents constantly use them. In the old days, it was believed that the pestle not only develops the child, but also strengthens his health, synchronizes the child’s biorhythm with the biorhythm of the mother and Nature itself. Find the most interesting pestles in this section and read to your children. They will definitely like it.

Pestushki

Stretch, stretch,
From toes to top!
We'll stretch, stretch,
Let's not stay small!
We are already growing, growing, growing!
That's how we grew up!

Stretch, stretch,
(stroke from head to toes)
Across the plump girl,
(we stroke the sides)
And there are little walkers in the legs,
(move our legs)
And grab little things in your hands,
(clench and unclench your fists)
And in my ears I hear little sounds,
(show ears)
And in the little eyes - gazing,
(show eyes)
And in the nose - little sniffles,
(show nose)
And in the mouth - a talk,
(show mouth)
And in the head - reason!
(touch forehead)

Big feet
Walked along the road:
Top, top, top,
Top, top, top!
Little feet
Running along the path:
Top, top, top, top,
Top, top, top, top!

Handles - stretchers
And the palms are clappers.
Legs-legs - stomp,
Running errands, jumping.
WITH Good morning, pens,
Palms and legs,
Flower cheeks - Smack!

Oh swing, swing, swing!
There are rolls in my head,
There are gingerbread cookies in my hands,
There are apples in the legs
On the sides there are candies,
Golden branches!

Pull-ups:
In little hands - grips,
In the legs - walkers,
In the mouth - a talker,
And in the head - reason!

Dybok, Dybok,
Tomorrow is one year old!
Dybok, Dybok,
A whole year!

Pulls, pulls, pulls,
Let the baby grow up!
Grow up, baby, healthy,
Like an apple tree!
Stretch on the cat,
For a grown-up child,
And in the hands there are grips,
And in the mouth there is a talker,
And to the mind!

Stretch, stretch,
Geese flew low.
Stretch, stretch,
The feathers are soft in the pillow.
These feathers are stretchy
They gave the geese to Nyushenka.

We've woken up! Let's reach out!
Turned from side to side!
Stretches! Stretches!
Where are the toys and rattles?
You, toy, rattle,
Raise our baby!

From birth, children are introduced to pesters, songs, and jokes. What is hidden behind the mysterious concept of “nurturing” a baby?

Emotional communication- one of the leading lines of development small child, starting from the first months of his life. Mom’s affectionate touch, her voice, singing, loving look, the first games combined with the poetic word - all this is called a capacious word - folklore. Folk pedagogy includes small genres of poetic creativity for children: pestushki, nursery rhymes, jokes, sayings, which formed the basis of maternal pedagogy, tested for centuries. One can only be amazed at the people's genius, who was able to express in poetic words the great power of maternal love.

Folk pedagogy has developed its own traditional folklore genres.

A simple rhyme, repeatedly repeated sound combinations and words, exclamations and emotional appeals involuntarily force the baby to listen, freeze for a moment, peering into the face of the speaker. The unique originality of folklore is especially valuable for activating a child at a time when he has not yet formed voluntary actions, attention, and reaction to words.

Pestushki- from the word “nurture” - in the old days it meant to nurse a small child, to care for him. Nowadays it is more often used in a figurative sense - to carefully, lovingly grow, educate.

Pestushki involves playful interaction with a child when an adult performs movements for him, playing with his arms and legs. The baby may still not be able to perform such movements as turning the body, he cannot purposefully use his hands, he cannot sit down, crawl, or stand on his own - all this will come to him during the first year of life. It is during this period that the mother nurtures the baby: plays with his hands, strokes the baby’s tummy, and makes “stomps” with his legs. The mother caresses the awakened baby, touching her with light massage movements, and gently says:

Stretchers,

Porostunyushki,

Across the fat girl,

And there are walkers in the legs,

And in the hands there are little grabbers,

And in the mouth - a talk,

And in the head - reason.

Stretches!

Little ones!

Across the fat girl,

Hands are grasping.

Legs are runners.

All words are combined with actions, which gives the child a lot of pleasure. If at the same time the mother emotionally sings the words of nursery rhymes and songs with the baby, then there is no end to the surge of emotions.

I knead, I knead the dough,

There is a place in the oven

I'm baking, I'm baking a loaf!

Little head - go ahead, go ahead!

The child establishes close contact with the adult, and most importantly, the desire to repeat those movements that he cannot yet perform on his own.

Subsequent repetitions will help the child remember the movements and perform them independently, this is how children were taught with the help of folklore.

The child will never forget how dad rocked him on his leg and sang:

Let's go, let's go

With nuts, with nuts!

Let's gallop, gallop

With rolls, with rolls!

Jump, jump,

Over bumps, over bumps.

In the hole - bang!

Some games prepared the child for walking. Grandfather took a stool, led the baby and said:

Toki-toki-toshki,

I forge, I forge legs.

Antoshka's legs

They're driving along the path

The path is crooked,

No end, no edge.

Ta-ta-ta, ta-ta-ta,

A cat married a cat.

The cat walks on the bench

Leads the cat by the paws.

Tops and tops on the bench,

Hands on hand.

Big feet

Walked along the road:

Top-top-top,

Top-top-top.

Little feet

Running along the path:

Top-top-top, top-top-top!

Other games developed the baby’s speech:

- Okay, okay,

Where were you?

- At Annushka's.

- What did you eat?

- Pancakes.

- Where are the pancakes?

- Ate...

No pancakes!

Nursery rhymes taught actions:

- Okay, okay!

Where were you?

- By Grandma.

- What did you eat?

- What did you drink?

- Curdled milk.

- The curdled milk is delicious,

Sweet porridge,

Grandma is good!

We drank, ate, shoo-oo:

We flew home

They sat on their heads,

The little girls began to sing.

Pussy, pussy, pussy, scat!

Don't sit on the path:

Our doll will go

It will fall through the pussy!

Get out of the way, cat!

Tanya the doll is walking

It won't fall for anything!

For children at the beginning of the second year of life, nursery rhymes are selected that help with feeding, preparing for bed, and washing. It is very important if adults speak folklore and can emotionally convey the words of nursery rhymes.

Water, water,

Wash our face

To make your eyes sparkle,

To make your cheeks blush,

To make your mouth laugh,

So that the tooth bites.

The water is flowing,

The child is growing.

Water off a duck's back,

The child is thin!

Water downwards

And the child is up!

When dressing your child for a walk, you can distract him with words:

Our Masha is small,

She's wearing a scarlet fur coat,

Beaver edge.

Our Masha is black-browed.

While combing the girl’s hair, they said:

I'll braid my hair,

I'll braid Russian hair.

I weave, I weave, I weave,

I sentence:

You grow, grow, braid,

The whole city is beautiful!

Nursery rhymes can be used while doing rubbing or massage.

Little things, little things,

Grandma baked cheesecakes,

Cheesecakes, buns.

While stroking your hands, you can say:

Palm-elbow,

Elbow-palm,

Be healthy, baby! (They sentence the girl.)

Grow strong, son! (They sentence the boy.)

There is such an endless fairy tale about an owl, in front of which children are told: “Listen and don’t interrupt!”:

The owl was flying -

Cheerful head.

Here she was flying, flying,

I sat down on a birch tree,

She twirled her tail,

I looked around,

Sang a song

And she flew again.

Here she was flying, flying,

I sat down on a birch tree,

She twirled her tail,

I looked around,

Sang a song

Eating from a spoon is more fun if, while eating, an adult sings or says:

Ay, lyulenki, lyulenki,

The little ones have arrived.

The ghouls began to say:

“What should I feed (name)?”

One said: “Porridge!”

Another: “Sour milk!”

Well, the third: “With milk

And a rosy pie!”

They tell a joke about hiccups:

Hiccup, hiccup,

Go to Fedot,

From Fedot to Yakov,

From Yakov - to everyone.

(Sometimes they add: “And you, hiccup, leave everyone for the green swamp.”)

If the baby is crying, you can say:

Don't you cry, don't cry, don't cry,

I'll buy you a kalach.

If you cry -

I'll buy a skinny bast shoe!

More than a century has passed since these nursery rhymes appeared, but they still have not lost their relevance. And today children expect attention, care, and love from loved ones, expressed not only in actions, but also in kind words.

It is important not only to love the baby, but also to be able to emotionally, vividly and beautifully express your feelings, and in this we are helped by the folk word - an unrivaled “teacher”: that is why adults so need to master the techniques of folk art and, when communicating with the baby, skillfully include them in everyday speech.

Kindergarten teachers use this rich material of the “folk alphabet” in practice, compiling instructions for parents, for example, such as “Sing with your child, talk and do it.”

Pestushki are songs and rhymes that accompany the child’s first conscious movements.

Nursery rhymes are songs and rhymes for a child's first games with fingers and hands. legs. Pestushka and nursery rhyme are a genre of oral folk art.

Such definitions for these elements of folklore can be given for 2nd grade children in a literary reading lesson.

When the child begins to understand speech and recognize loved ones, he is amused with songs and short nursery rhymes, etc. Their purpose is to evoke joyful, cheerful emotions in the child.

They are followed by nursery rhymes - songs and poems for the child’s first games with fingers, arms, and legs. Later comes the turn of jokes - songs and poems, interesting primarily for their amusing content, then fairy tales.

Having woken up, tired of immobility and swaddling, the nurse encouraged the baby, stroking along the body and saying to the pestel:

Pull-ups,
Grown-up girls,
Across the fat girl
And there are walkers in the legs,
And in the hands of grabbers,
And in the mouth there is a talk,
And in the head there is reason.

Pestushki and nursery rhymes - texts, examples.

When a child gurgles or gurgles, they say:

Oh, he sings, he sings
Nightingale!
Oh, he sings, he sings
Young;
Young,
Pretty,
Pretty!

When the child wakes up and stretches, they stroke his tummy, saying:

Stretchers, stretchers!
Mouth talkers,
Grasping hands
Walker legs.

When the child begins to stand on his feet:

Stand on end, stand on end, stand on end,
For the first year!

When a child learns to walk:

Legs, legs, Where are you running?
- To the woods along the motorway
Mosh the hut,
So as not to live coldly.

Using the movements of children's hands, they depict stretching the canvas and say:

Pull the canvases
Pull the canvases
On a shirt
On the tabletop.

The mother or nanny puts the child on her lap and, holding him by the arms, rocks him towards her, then away from her, saying:

I'm pulling,
I catch fish
I put it in my wallet,
I bring it home:
Bee-eaters in piles,
Little rafts in police camp"
One brush
-Yes, and that one is in the pot.
I'll make some cabbage soup,
I'll feed Nikolai,
Get some sleep, guys.
Don't sniff.

Having taken the child, they rock him up and down, singing and saying:

Whoa, whoa, whoa!
Whoa, whoa, whoa!
Don't cook porridge,
Cook it thin,
Boil it soft
Yes, young.

Tyushki, Tyutushki,
There are little birds on the mountain.
Vanyushka was there
Birdie, I caught it.

And tari, tari, tari!
I’ll buy Masha amber,
There will be money left
I’ll buy Masha earrings,
There will be nickels left,
I’ll buy Masha shoes,
There will be pennies left
I’ll buy Masha some spoons,
There will be half a half left,
I’ll buy pillows for Masha,

The lady was driving

On a smooth path,
Over the bumps, over the bumps
- Yes boom!

The child is led under the arms or by the arms along the bench, saying:

Three-ta, ta, three-ta, ta!
A cat married a cat.
The cat is walking on the bench,
And the cat is on the counter,
Catches the cat by the paws:
- Oh, you cat, cat,
Cool!
Play with me, cat,
With Masha, the young cat!

The child is rocked, placed on his lap, and sentenced:

Jump-jump!
Young blackbird
I walked along the water
I found a young girl
Young girl,
Small:
About an inch herself,
Head with a pot.
Shu-you! flew,
-They sat down on their heads.

Mimicking with fingers right hand horns, lightly tickle the child with them and chant:

The horned goat is coming,
A butted goat is coming:
Legs: top! top!
With your eyes: clap, clap!
Who doesn't eat porridge?
Who doesn't drink milk?
He's gored, gored.

Taking the child’s hands, they clap their hands to the beat, and at the last words, the hands are spread and raised on the child’s head:

Okay, okay!
- Where were you?
- By Grandma.
- What did you eat?
- Porridge.
- What did you drink?
- Mash.
Sweet porridge,
The drunken gang
Grandma is kind.
We drank, ate,
-Shu-u-u - they flew,
They sat on their heads.

Take the child’s hand and move it across the palm index finger and they say:

Forty, forty,
Magpie white-sided
I cooked porridge,
I jumped on the threshold,
Called guests.
There were no guests, K
Ashki didn't eat.
I gave everything to my children.

Pointing to each finger of the hand, starting with the thumb, they say:

I gave it to this one on a platter,
This on a plate
This is on a spoon,
This one has some scratches.

Stopping at the little finger, they add:

And there is nothing to this.
And you are little, little one:
I didn’t go for water
Didn't carry firewood
I didn't cook porridge.

Moving the arms apart and then quickly placing them on the head, they say:

Shu-u-u, let's fly
-They sat on their heads.

They finger the child’s fingers one by one and say:

Bolshak to chop wood (thumb),
Should you carry water (index)
And you have to heat the stove (nameless),
And sing songs to the baby (little finger),
Sing songs and dance,
Amuse my siblings.
Sing songs and dance,
Amuse my siblings.

They touch their fingers and say:

Four brothers are walking towards the eldest.
- Hello, big guy! - They say,
- Hello, Vaska the pointer,
Bear-heart,
Grishka the orphan
Yes, little Timoshka.

Empirically, women came to understand the need for massage and a gentle touch to the baby. And the massage is doubly pleasant for both the child and the mother if such a nice and affectionate poem is uttered in time with the movements. To develop coordination of movements and strengthen muscles, practical folk pedagogy and medicine have developed a whole set of exercises accompanied by pestles.

The most correct and scientifically based ones may seem boring physical exercise in comparison with those accompanied by such sentences: “The harrier is swimming, the harrier is swimming...”, “The swans flew, the swans flew...” And how much joy the pester “Pull the canvases” brings to a growing child! No one is forgotten in it, all family members got a fathom, and the youngest got the most! And now the child is “dancing” merrily, sitting in the palm of his mother, who supports him by the chest with the other hand, to the cheerful song: “Tratatushki, tratata, a cat married a cat...”

The child gets on his feet, takes his first steps, begins to speak - everyone is so important stage in its development it is accompanied by pestles. Pestushki are also close to comic conspiracies; they accompany the child’s bathing; dousing him with water, the mother says: “Water off a duck’s back, thinness off a duck’s back”; consoles him if he is hurt: “The magpie is in pain, Sanya is in pain...”

In the second year of a child’s life, new joys await him - acquaintance with nursery rhymes - elementary games: “Ladushki”, “Magpie-Crow”, “Horned Goat”. They sometimes contain instructions: in the fairy tale nursery rhyme “Magpie-Crow,” a fantastic bird generously feeds everyone with porridge, except for one - the one who was lazy and did not work with everyone else.

By playing with the child's fingers, he is taught to count: “One finger, another finger...” Gradually the time for fairy tales comes.

Based on materials from the book: Russian folklore. Songs, fairy tales, epics, jokes, riddles, games, fortune telling, skits, lamentations, proverbs and proverbs. V. Anikin

The word "pestushki" comes from the word " to nurture”, that is, to nurse, to raise. Russian traditions and customs of raising children include a rich and unique experience of nurturing babies. But in modern families you can rarely find pestles; they have been replaced by modern educational toys, audio CDs, children's educational videos and cards for memorizing words, letters and numbers from the cradle. But in vain. After all, pestles are a method of baby development that has been perfected over centuries and tested by many generations.

You may come across the opinion that pestles are outdated and are needed only “for passing an exam at a pedagogical college or university” or to simply keep a baby occupied by playing him an audio CD with children's folklore. What a mistaken opinion!!! The loss of the culture of nurturing the baby has led and continues to lead to an increase in the number of children with developmental problems, to an increase in the number of children with delays in speech development (including problems with sound pronunciation), to an increase in the number of children who do not speak at one and two years of age .

What do they give? pestles mom and baby? What are we giving up by not using pestles in baby care? And why don’t we appreciate the experience of our ancestors accumulated over centuries? Because, probably, they have already forgotten why pestles are needed - first of all, they are needed by the baby, but they are also needed by the baby’s mother? This is what I want to talk about in this article.

Pestushki- these are small folklore works (poems, songs), in which two main features are distinguished:

Rhythmic, with clear pronunciation of sounds and syllables and with exaggerated prolongation of vowel sounds, the speech of a mother or grandmother.
The actions of the mother - stroking the baby's arms and legs, massage, rocking the baby - which give new tactile sensations baby.

In pestushki, unlike nursery rhymes, there are no active actions of the child himself. In them, the child only “accepts” what his mother “gives” him.

What do pestles give to a baby?

1.Emotional dialogue with mom.

The mother's voice is familiar to the child from the period of intrauterine development. Modern research shows that very tiny babies distinguish their mother’s voice from the voices of other people and various sounds. At the same time, it is the mother’s voice that causes maximum activity in them - visual, auditory, motor. Therefore, it is very important that the pestles are pronounced not by the voice of the announcer from the audio disc, but by the voice of the mother. And no one can replace a mother for a child!

By conducting a dialogue with the baby in pestushki from the first days of his life, the mother lays the prerequisites for the full development of speech and verbal communication. In addition, she establishes emotional contact with the child, which will determine how quickly and successfully the baby will develop.

2. Development of movements in a child, enrichment of the baby’s motor experience and his tactile experience.

Pestushki is accompanied by movements of the baby's body and massage. These tactile sensations are very important for the development of the baby! The more diverse they are, the better the child develops!

3. In pestushki, the mother speaks to the baby in exactly the same language that the child understands best and which stimulates the development of the baby’s speech:

The mother draws out vowel sounds, and the child begins to isolate them from the speech stream: “I’ll stretch my little ones, I’ll grow my little ones,” “Ay – yes –sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss]ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss]" Ay-yes-yes! Ay – yes – yessss!” In fact, this way of speaking with a child introduces the baby to his own first attempts at speech activity - walking, hooting, babbling, stimulates him to listen to the speech of adults, and then repeat sounds and syllables after his mother. The next stage of such dialogues will be roll call, when the mother draws out a sound or syllable, and the baby repeats it. And then the mother will listen to the sounds that the baby says and will also begin to repeat them after him.

This is how it was before, recalls Nina Leontievna Karpova (Leshukonsky district, Arkhangelsk region):

“A small child does not speak, but understands everything. He points with his eyes, looks carefully and listens, and understands everything. And you talk to him: “give-give-give!” Ba-ba, ba-ba, ba-ba, ba-ba! Mother Mother Mother! Pa-pa-pa-pa-pa-pa!” - so that he can already pronounce these words. He’s already smart enough, he’s already starting: “Ba, ba, ba, ba...”. If you don’t talk to the child, then, of course, he won’t talk for a long time.”

Mom's speech in pestushki is rhythmic. But how easily children remember rhythmic poems and songs! (and not only in your native language, but also in other languages)
Syllables and sounds in pestles are often repeated, which again helps the baby listen to them and quickly remember them.
In pestushki, you can change the intonation of speech: now a question, now an answer, now angrily, now affectionately, now cheerfully, now in a low voice, now in a high voice. It is the tone, timbre, and intonation that the child first distinguishes from the speech stream.

4. In pestushki, the mother “programs” the baby’s happy future, saying it out loud, prepares herself for the child’s life to be successful and wishes this for her son or daughter. This is also a very important psychological point.

How did our grandmothers and great-grandmothers, our ancestors use pestles? How did they nurture the kids?

Pestle for washing.

While washing the baby, they said:

“Holy water of God,
Wash Bora's face:
So that your eyes sparkle,
So that your cheeks turn red,
To make your mouth laugh,
So that the tooth bites!
So that Bori's head would be round and round!
Like water is off a duck's back, so is Bory's skin!
May you live and never get sick!
Grow big and be smart!”

Pestlets for bathing.

While pronouncing the words of the pestles, the baby was stroked on the back, on the tummy, along the arms and legs, on the head, and water was poured on him.

1. Tatyana Iosifovna Boldina (b. 1926) remembers Belgorod region:

“Okay, let’s go swimming, baby. Now I will bathe you. Well, let's stretch our arms and straighten our legs like this. Let's pour some water on you, you'll be warm and good. You'll be so big, so beautiful, so rosy, with cheeks like buns - so pretty. Well, come on, granddaughter, come on, Tanechka. What a smart girl. She lies obediently... How smart I am, she looks with joyful eyes. You sat in the tray, and now we’ll wash you with clean water. Like this:

Gogol water,
with gogolihi - water,
And from God's servant Tanya -
all the burden!
Water - under the shelf,
And Tanechka is on the shelf.
Water is below.
And Tanechka is taller!

Here's a novice! I’ve washed myself, let’s clean up.”

2. When the baby was washed in a bathhouse (Arkhangelsk region), they always sentenced him. First, they put the baby on his knees and begin to bring his arms and legs together and knead them like this: “Rake hands! Legs are walkers!” Then they rubbed the baby, saying: “He is washing, he is steaming, he is getting ready to sleep - for sleep, for peace, for happiness, for health, for him to sleep at night, to grow by the hour.” And when they poured water from the ladle, they said: “Water from Gogol, water from a swan, and all the thinness is from you!” To sleep, to health, to God's great mercy, to parental joy! Go away, all your pain and sorrow, into the dark night!”

Pestlets for gymnastics and baby massage.

1. When the baby is lying on his back, you need to take him by the legs (ankles) and tap his legs to the rhythm of the pestle:

Skok, skok, skok.
We ran to the bridge.
We ran to the bridge.
Lost a shoe.

2. We make movements with the child’s hands “like a duck flapping its wings.” After this, we place our hands on the baby’s head.

Kshi, kshi, magpies!
Kshi, kshi, white-sided-
Let's fly, fly,
They sat on Vanya's head!
We sat down, we sat,

The geese have arrived
They sat on the head.
We sat down and sat.
They sang songs.
And they flew again!

3. We put the child on our laps and rock him as if he were riding over bumps. Then we spread our knees and the child “falls into the hole” (holding the arms, we throw the baby down)

By the hummocks, by the hummocks,
On small tops.
Into the hole - buuuuuuh!
And there's a rooster!

We were driving, we were driving
For walnuts
Over the bumps, over the bumps,
By small stumps.
Into the hole - buuuuuuh!

4. We tap our fingers on the baby’s heels to the rhythm of the pester’s words :

Kick-kick-leg!
I'll hit the road!
Kui, Kui, chebotok!
Give me a hammer, Vanya!

5. Gently turn the child’s head first to the right, then to the left and pronounce the words of the pestle:

Tows, tows.
Tows, tows.
They sat on the stove.
Where did Tanya (child's name) go?
Tows, tows,
They were turning the head!
Tows, tows
We spun for two weeks!

6. Slowly spread the baby’s arms to the sides, then cross them over the chest:

“It'soooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo Sooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooošyy of! Pull, pull! Lay it across!”

7. We move the child’s legs towards and away from us when he lies on his back (you can do a “bicycle” movement)

Der-deri-derka!
Egorka is coming!
On a gray horse
In a new hat.
With beard. With a mustache!
Kick-kick!

8. When the baby learns to roll over from his back to his side and onto his stomach, they do the exercise “Rolling rolls”. The baby lies on his back. It can be easily rolled and turned from side to side, either in one direction or the other.

“Kaaaaaaaaaaaaaat. Grooms are rich! Kaaaty-katyshook! Andrey is a married man!”

9. We tap on the child’s back and say:

What's in the hump?
- Money.
- Who did it?
- Grandfather.
- What did you use?
- With a ladle.
- Give it to me! Give it to me!

10. Exercise from the first days of the baby. The mother strokes the baby on the sides from the armpits to the heels, then strokes the legs, arms and strokes the head. In response to this, the baby reflexively stretches, straightens his legs and arms. We speak to the pestle, stroking the baby and drawing out vowel sounds.

I'll pull it up. The little ones are growing!
And the legs are moving. And in your hands - grab a little something!
And in the mouth -oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo And in the head -aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaandraooooooo!

Pull-pull-pull your ears!
Katyusha's ears are growing!
Grow up, daughter, healthy!
Like a gardening apple tree!

11. In the “Kneading the dough” pestushka, very affectionately and carefully “pass” the baby’s head from palm to palm.

I'm mixing, mixing the dough!
There is room in the oven!
I bake, bake, loaf!
Go ahead, go ahead!

12. In the next pestle, the child’s hands move towards and away from themselves.

Wasteaaaa! Wasteaaaaa!
Please sieve!
Sow flour, make pies!

Ay-pruki-pruki-pruki!
I have created torment!
Kneaded the pies!
With wheat yeast!
You can't hold on to the reins!

Little bastards.
We baked cheesecakes!
Cheesecakes!
To our Andryushechka!

13. To the rhythm of the pestle, they lightly tap the baby’s palm or elbow on the table:

Ay-tukii-tukii-tukii.
The hammers are pounding!
The hammers are pounding!
Let's play elbows!
Knock-knock-lo-knock!
Mashenka will soon be one year old!

14. When the baby lies on his back and gurgles, they bend over him so that he focuses his gaze on his mother’s face and speak clearly, drawing out the vowels (while saying, they stroke the baby):

Goo-goo-goo!
Goo-goo-goo-little-dovey!
Sing, sing, good one!
Pretty. Pretty!
May you be healthy!

15. When the baby lies on his back, stroke his tummy clockwise and say:

Nice one!
Pretty, pretty!
Slender slender thing!
Dear relatives!

Oh, my son, a wheat ear!
Azure flower, lilac flower!

16. When the baby is lying on his back, “step over” his feet on the crib:

Eh, stomp your foot!
Stomp, my dear!
How good Katyusha is -
Our little one!
Top-top-top, top-top-top!

I highly recommend that all mothers, grandmothers, and teachers get acquainted with the books of O.Yu. Botyakova. “Mom’s massage with nursery rhymes” and Naumenko G.M. " Folk wisdom and knowledge about the child." In them you will find many pestles for young children.

Sayings, pestushki, nursery rhymes were closely related to the traditions and customs of the Russian people. In the first year of a child’s life such significant events there was the first tooth and the first step.

When adults saw the baby’s first tooth, they said:

Grow, grow, tooth.
Hard as oak!

And be sure to buy a gift so that your teeth grow strong. In the Vladimir region, whoever saw the tooth first bought any white material for a baby's shirt. In the Arkhangelsk region, the one who was the first to feel the first tooth was given a belt for a shirt. They baked a pie called “zubok”, and the guests brought gingerbread, rolls, and pies. In the Vologda region, they bought a silver spoon for their first tooth.

And here's how to stimulate the baby to take the first step. Recalls Spravtseva Kharitina Ivanovna (b. 1912) Bryansk region:

“When a child stands on his feet for the first time, you say:

Ay, on end, on end,
The boy is soon one year old!
Stand up on your hind legs
You'll reach the ceiling.
Get up and stand taller
You'll reach the roof!

And you call him to you so that he can go: “Come on, on your backside, walk on your backside!” Come on with your legs on end! Come on, dear, pretty, pretty!” And then you kiss him, and love him, and caress him, and give him something tasty. It's like he just steps a little. And you definitely buy him a new thing, some new shoes for his feet, so that he can stand on his feet and run along the path.”

But the girl was told differently. Tatyana Iosifovna Boldina, Belgorod region (b. 1926) remembers:

“Come on, Tanechka. Got up. Let's stand on our feet. Come on, stand on end, stand on end, stand on end! You can stand on end. Then step over with your foot. How are we going to walk? Let's try, try. One, two... oh-oh-oh, I fell! That is OK. Come on, get up! Back on the hind legs. Oh. Smart girl. Well, what a clever girl! Soon you will be running with us:

“Aw. on end, on end, on end.
Tomorrow Tanya is one year old!
Let's buy Tanya a scarf!
A flower all over your head!”

When the baby began to walk, his first steps were accompanied by the action of “removing the fetters” to give the baby the opportunity to “walk briskly and quickly.” To do this, adults made a movement between the children's legs that imitated cutting, which is why the action was called “cutting fetters.” This was also done in cases where the baby did not begin to walk for a long time.

Klavdiya Petrovna Vaskina (b. 1927), Volgograd region, recalls: “Look! Our Vanya is walking! Well, let's take the first step! “As soon as he took a step, a cross was struck between his legs with a knife on the ground. - Well. That’s it, Vanya’s bonds were cut. Now he will walk, he will run, he will stand firmly on his legs. Go, Vanya!

Infancy ended with tonsures. This was the name of the ritual of cutting a child’s first hair, which took place when the baby turned one year old. This time is no coincidence, because it is during the year that a child develops very important human qualities - speech and walking. But not being cut is a sign of nature - animals, brownies, goblins. The baby was not cut until he was one year old, and hair removal was considered a sign of belonging to the human world. During tonsures, the baby was seated on a sheepskin, which was turned fur-side up. Cut the baby's hair or God-parents, or midwife, or father, but not mother. First they cut the cross, and then cut the remaining hair. Then they put a new shirt on the child, a cross and a belt. If before the ceremony the baby was the subject of adults’ care, then after it he was already an active being. After tonsure, the baby was considered a person who could move independently, eat, understand speech and speak. Infancy is over.

Do we need knowledge of this experience of our ancestors? Will our children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren nurture their children? Why are pestles interesting to you? I invite you to discuss this in the comments.

You can find a collection of pestles in the video “Nursing Babies” in my article

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